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9.1 DISTANCE ELEMENTS
The ground elements are polarized from either zero-sequence or negative-sequence current as per user-settings to maxi-
mize performance in non-homogenous systems. The polarizing current is additionally shifted by the user-selectable non-
homogeneity correction angle.
f) REVERSE QUADRILATERAL REACTANCE CHARACTERISTIC FOR NON-DIRECTIONAL APPLICATIONS
The reverse quadrilateral reactance characteristic is achieved by checking the angle between:
AB phase element:
BC phase element:
CA phase element:
A ground element:
B ground element:
C ground element:
The ground elements are polarized from either zero-sequence or negative-sequence current as per user-settings to maxi-
mize performance in non-homogenous systems. The polarizing current is additionally shifted by the user-selectable non-
homogeneity correction angle.
g) DIRECTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC
The directional characteristic is achieved by checking the angle between:
AB phase element:
BC phase element:
CA phase element:
A ground element:
B ground element:
C ground element:
The characteristic and limit angles of the directional comparator are adjustable independently from the mho and reactance
comparators. The directional characteristic improves directional integrity of the distance functions.
h) RIGHT BLINDER
The right blinder characteristic is achieved by checking the angle between the following signals:
AB phase element:
BC phase element:
CA phase element:
A ground element:
B ground element:
C ground element:
The blinders apply to the Quad characteristic only.
i) LEFT BLINDER
The left blinder characteristic is achieved by checking the angle between the following signals:
9
AB phase element:
BC phase element:
CA phase element:
A ground element:
B ground element:
C ground element:
The blinders apply to the Quad characteristic only.
9-4
) × Z
(I
– I
– (V
– V
)
A
B
REV
A
B
) × Z
(I
– I
– (V
– V
)
B
C
REV
B
C
(I
– I
) × Z
– (V
– V
)
C
A
REV
C
A
I
× Z + I_0 × K0 × Z
+ I
A
REV
G
× Z + I_0 × K0 × Z
I
+ I
B
REV
G
× Z + I_0 × K0 × Z
I
+ I
C
REV
G
) × Z
(I
– I
and
(V
– V
A
B
D
A
) × Z
(I
– I
and
(V
– V
B
C
D
B
) × Z
(I
– I
and
(V
– V
C
A
D
C
I_0 × Z
and
V
_1M
D
A
I
_2 × Z
and
V
_1M
A
D
A
I_0 × Z
and
V
_1M
D
B
_2 × Z
I
and
V
_1M
B
D
B
I_0 × Z
and
V
_1M
D
C
_2 × Z
I
and
V
_1M
C
D
C
) × Z
(I
– I
– (V
– V
)
and
A
B
R
A
B
) × Z
(I
– I
– (V
– V
)
and
B
C
R
B
C
) × Z
(I
– I
– (V
– V
)
and
C
A
R
C
A
× Z
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
× K0M × Z
I
+ I
A
R
R
G
I
× Z
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
+ I
× K0M × Z
B
R
R
G
I
× Z
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
+ I
× K0M × Z
C
R
R
G
) × Z
(I
– I
– (V
– V
)
and
A
B
L
A
B
(I
– I
) × Z
– (V
– V
)
and
B
C
L
B
C
(I
– I
) × Z
– (V
– V
)
and
C
A
L
C
A
× Z
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
× K0M × Z
I
+ I
A
L
L
G
× Z
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
× K0M × Z
I
+ I
B
L
L
G
× Z
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
× K0M × Z
I
+ I
C
L
L
G
D30 Line Distance Protection System
) × Z
and
(I
– I
A
B
REV
) × Z
and
(I
– I
B
C
REV
and
(I
– I
) × Z
C
A
REV
× K0M × Z
– V
and
(j × I_0 or j × I_2A) × e
REV
A
× K0M × Z
(j × I_0 or j × I_2B) × e
– V
and
REV
B
× K0M × Z
(j × I_0 or j × I_2C) × e
– V
and
REV
C
)_1M
B
)_1M
C
)_1M
A
) × Z
(I
– I
A
B
R
) × Z
(I
– I
B
C
R
) × Z
(I
– I
C
A
R
× Z
– V
and
I
R
A
A
– V
and
I
× Z
R
B
B
– V
and
I
× Z
R
C
C
) × Z
(I
– I
A
B
L
(I
– I
) × Z
B
C
L
(I
– I
) × Z
C
A
L
× Z
– V
and
I
L
A
A
L
× Z
– V
and
I
L
B
B
L
× Z
– V
and
I
L
C
C
9 THEORY OF OPERATION
j(180 + Θ)
j(180 + Θ)
j(180 + Θ)
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
× K0M × Z
+ I
R
R
G
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
+ I
× K0M × Z
R
R
G
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
+ I
× K0M × Z
R
R
G
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
× K0M × Z
+ I
L
G
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
× K0M × Z
+ I
L
G
+ I_0 × K0 × Z
× K0M × Z
+ I
L
L
G
GE Multilin
R
R
R
L
L
L
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