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NorthStar 957 Operator's Manual

Gps/waas chart navigator
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NORTHSTAR 957
GPS/WAAS CHART
NAVIGATOR
Operator's Manual

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Summary of Contents for NorthStar 957

  • Page 1 NORTHSTAR 957 GPS/WAAS CHART NAVIGATOR Operator’s Manual...
  • Page 3 (RMA) number. Call your Northstar dealer or Northstar for instructions. During the 957’s warranty period, Northstar will repair or replace, at its option, any part of the 957 it finds to be defective due to faulty material(s) or workmanship. All such repairs and/or replacements will be promptly performed by Northstar free-of-charge to the owner, excluding freight costs incurred in shipping to the factory.
  • Page 4 CAUTION! Northstar products are designed to be very useful navigation tools, but they are not substitutes for good seamanship. The prudent navigator should never rely on any single device as the sole source of navigation guidance. Exercise caution and good judgment when underway.

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Introducing the 957’s special functions ........
  • Page 6 Restarting the course line ........... . . 110 Page ii 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B...
  • Page 7 Appendix A - Understanding GPS and WAAS ....... . .157...
  • Page 8 Page iv 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B...

  • Page 9: Getting Started

    Getting Started Welcome to the 957 ......2 Using this manual ......2 Obtaining technical support .

  • Page 10: Welcome To The 957

    957’s display screen. Once you start using the 957, you’ll discover that you can use it without constantly referring to this manual. After you’ve read the manual once, you probably won't have to refer to it very often.

  • Page 11: Obtaining Technical Support

    957). DISPLAY TEXT is the type style used for text that appears • on the display screens. Sample 957 screen is the type style used for captions of • display screens. Figure 1 •...
  • Page 12 (you can send email to Northstar from this site). Your feedback is important and helps Northstar ensure that this manual is a valuable resource for all 957 users. Send your questions, comments, or suggestions about this manual to: manuals@northstarcmc.com In case of a 957 operating problem, you can contact your dealer or return the 957 to Northstar for diagnosis and repair.

  • Page 13: Turning The 957 On And Off

    For details about service procedures, see the Limited Warranty Policy in this manual. To turn the 957 on, briefly press the PWR key. The 957 emits several short beeps as it displays the START-UP screen, then the 957 performs a series of self-tests to check its critical components and functions.
  • Page 14 (CHART, STAR, STEER, NAV LOG, or WAYPTS/ROUTES) located below the display screen. A 957 that has recently been used at or near that same loca- tion will usually be ready to navigate within one minute.

  • Page 15: Displaying The Chart Screen

    957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B described in see ”Viewing GPS satellite status” starting on page To turn the 957 off, press and hold the PWR key for a few seconds until the screen goes dark. After the 957 successfully completes its start-up sequence, press the CHART function key to display the CHART screen.
  • Page 16 The alarm message NO GPS POSITION FIX is shown in the RECENT ALARMS box. This message is a normal part of using a 957 for the first time, and advises you that the 957 is acquiring 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 17: Using Chart Data

    957 that’s been shipped more than several hundred miles from Northstar, and often just the first time the 957 is turned on. This first time, the 957 takes two to five minutes to acquire the necessary information, and after that, is ready to navigate.
  • Page 18 The cartridge slot is located at the lower left-hand corner of the 957. You can see if a cartridge is inside by opening the cartridge access door and looking inside the slot. If the 957 is on, press the CHART SETUP menu key to the right of the...
  • Page 19 Be careful when inserting the cartridge into the 957 (see description and illus- tration at right). When you’re not using the cartridge, store it in a clean, dry place away from heat, humidity, and dust.

  • Page 20: Displaying Detailed Position Information

    • your vessel’s position in lat/lon (or TDs, if enabled) To display position information on the GPS POSITION screen, press the CHART function key again to display the GPS POSITION screen. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 21: Displaying The Fishfinder

    For details about determining and displaying your position, see ”Determining Your Position” starting on page 51. If your 957 is equipped with Northstar’s optional fishfinder, pressing the SOUNDER key on the CHART screen will display fishfinder data that’s split with the CHART screen. Pressing the STAR key will display the full ECHO SOUNDER screen.

  • Page 22: Displaying A Video Image

    Displaying a video image Using demo mode Page 14 If your 957 is connected with a compatible video source, you can display the image onto most 957 screens by pressing the VIDEO key. For an introduction to this function, see ”Introducing the 957’s special functions”...

  • Page 23: Going To A Quick Waypoint Now

    1. Press the CHART function key to display the CHART screen. 2. Move the cursor to the desired chart location by pressing the CURSOR PAD in the lower right corner of the 957. 3. Press the GO TO CURSOR menu key at the lower right of the screen.
  • Page 24 The 957 displays a track line to the new waypoint named -QUIK-, and guides you directly to this point. That’s all you have to do to use the 957 in its simplest form. To learn more about navigating to waypoints, see ”Navigating to waypoints”...

  • Page 25: Introducing The 957

    Maintaining the 957 ......23 Interfacing the 957 ......24 his chapter introduces you to the 957’s features, functions,...

  • Page 26: Introducing The Controls

    Page 18 Figure 2 below illustrates the functions of the 957’s controls. Feel free to try any of the 957’s controls! You can’t hurt anything, and can only learn more about how to use the 957 more efficiently. The 957 always asks you to verify what you’re doing when changing or deleting information.

  • Page 27: Introducing The Display Screen

    Adjusting the brightness The fluorescent tubes that illuminate the 957 slowly dim after several thousand hours of use. If you use your 957 for many hours each day, you may want to keep the level of the display lighting low when you don’t really need it. To adjust the screen’s brightness, press the BRIGHTNESS key: Pressing the...
  • Page 28 When you’re using the 957 as a chart plotter, the menu keys to the right of the display screen let you perform the following functions: •...
  • Page 29 To turn off the flashing icon and remove the message, press the CLEAR ALARM menu key. Info windows The 957 displays info windows while you’re entering data or using control functions. These windows give extra details about what’s going to happen, or let you acknowledge a command.

  • Page 30: Introducing The 957'S Special Functions

    The 957 has several alarms that automatically alert you to certain situations. For example, when you’re approaching a waypoint, the 957 lets you know by sounding a beep and flashing an alarm icon on the screen. The 957 offers four adjustable alarms, including anchor, cross-track distance, arrival radius, and DGPS time-out.

  • Page 31: Maintaining The 957

    TideTrack, see ”Understanding TideTrack™” starting on page 131. The 957 offers a video display feature that lets you overlay an image from a connected video source onto most of the 957’s display screens. The image can be turned on or off with a single keypress (VIDEO key), and you can easily adjust the size, position, and transparency of the image.

  • Page 32: Interfacing The 957

    Excessive heat can cause short- and long-term damage to the 957. Although the 957 can recover from short-term effects, long-term damage may be permanent. When the 957 is out in the hot sun, but isn’t being used, always use the protective plastic cover.

  • Page 33: Using The Controls

    957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Using the Controls Using the PWR key ......26 Using the five function keys ....26 Using the CURSOR PAD .

  • Page 34: Using The Pwr Key

    Page 26 To turn the 957 on, briefly press the PWR key. The 957 emits several short beeps as it first displays the STARTUP screen, followed by the SELF-TEST screen. This screen displays the results of the 957’s self-tests, which are automatically run each time you turn power on.
  • Page 35 • display an explanation of alarms and any messages the 957 has for you, and set the alarms that are adjustable display the VIDEO SETUP screen, where you enable the • video image and adjust its size and placement on the dis- play screen •...

  • Page 36: Using The Cursor Pad

    ”Using the Nav Log” starting on page 113. Pressing the large CURSOR PAD — located in the lower right corner of the 957 — while you’re displaying the CHART screen will move the cursor across the CHART screen in an up and down, left to right, or diagonal direction.

  • Page 37: Using The Save Key

    (-S002-, -S003-, etc.) every time you save a new waypoint this way. Three-digit numbering of waypoints will restart at -S001-, which means the 957 will start to overwrite the existing numbered waypoints, as soon as the 957 reaches the maximum number of saved waypoints you’ve set.

  • Page 38: Using The Alphanumeric Keypad

    For details about this procedure, check your autopilot manual. To leave MOB mode and return to normal navigation, press the MOB key until the 957 displays the BACK TO NORMAL — MOB TURNED OFF message. Notice that the waypoint named -MOB- is still stored.

  • Page 39: Using The Menu Keys

    The CLEAR and ENTER keys are also used to reject or accept actions displayed in question boxes that appear on the screen. For example, if you press the GO TO CURSOR key, the 957 displays the message START NAVIGATING TO CURSOR POSITION? YES...

  • Page 40: Using The Brightness Key

    Using the BRIGHTNESS key Using the IN and OUT keys Page 32 To get the best picture for the current conditions, the 957’s screen may require minor adjusting for different viewing angles, temperature conditions, etc. Press the BRIGHTNESS key (the unlabelled double arrow) to adjust the screen’s brightness.

  • Page 41: Using The Chart Screen

    957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Using the Chart Screen Understanding electronic charts ... . 34 Understanding nav aids ....35 Zooming in and out .

  • Page 42: Understanding Electronic Charts

    Don’t become overly confident when using electronic charts. Always be cautious! The 957 displays the boundary line of each chart on the CHART screen. To turn this feature off, press the CHART SETUP key on the CHART screen, then press the CHART DETAIL key and turn off the CHART EDGES option.

  • Page 43: Understanding Nav Aids

    Some nav aids have no chart symbol, and are shown on the CHART screen as text only. When you move the cursor onto a nav aid, the 957 displays a description in the INFO BAR at the bottom of the screen, along with the distance and bearing from your vessel to the nav aid.
  • Page 44 Chapter 4 - Using the Chart Screen Landmarks Page 36 There are other objects shown on the CHART screen that aren’t classified as nav aids, including various onshore landmarks. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 45: Zooming In And Out

    Many charts display their maximum detail at the ¼-nm scale level. At this scale, you can use the 957 as a precision plotter. When you zoom in past the highest detail available for a particular chart, the center of the chart is magnified to fill the screen and all text and symbols are doubled in size.

  • Page 46: Controlling The Cursor On The Chart Screen

    Page 38 As a reminder that no charted hazards or nav aids are shown, the 957 displays the words NO CHART multiple times across the screen. Even without any chart data displayed, you can still use the 957 as a precision plotter Pressing the CURSOR PAD displays the cursor symbol on the CHART screen.
  • Page 47 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B After pressing the CURSOR PAD to scroll around on the chart, you can press the GO TO CURSOR menu key to start navigating to the designated cursor location. If you place the cursor on a waypoint or nav aid, this menu key would be GO TO WAYPT or GO TO NAV AID, respectively.

  • Page 48: Comparing Vessel And Browse Modes

    VESSEL menu key at any time instantly displays your vessel in the center of the CHART screen, returning the 957 to vessel mode. Vessel mode is indicated by the word VESSEL in the upper right corner of the screen. In this mode, you can perform the following functions: •...
  • Page 49 (VIDEO key) • display the optional fishfinder (SOUNDER key); for details, see the Northstar 490 Echo Sounder Operator’s Manual (part number GM490) • rotate the chart (ROTATE key); for details, see ”Rotating the chart”...

  • Page 50: Rotating The Chart

    Course-up represents your true COG as deter- mined by the GPS receiver. The 957 ignores any course changes if your speed is under half a knot. The chart will rotate sooner for large turns than for small ones.
  • Page 51 Figure 2: Course-up chart angle (second leg going east) Figure 2 shows the same chart, but with the chart’s viewing angle now set to course-up and the vessel on a slightly 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Page 43...
  • Page 52 • Leg-up - If you’re displaying charts as leg-up and the 957 switches to a new leg, you’ll see the chart rotate to the direction of that new leg even in browse mode—unless you’re actively pressing the CURSOR PAD.

  • Page 53: Setting Up The Chart Screen

    Choosing the chart details 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B The edges of other charts in the 957’s built-in world atlas are shown, in addition to those in your local cartridge. These edges are shown as black or red dashed lines.
  • Page 54 The OFF setting displays just the symbol itself. Chart edges The ON setting shows the outlines of the charts that are on the installed Navionics chart cartridge or the built-in maps. Chart edges are shown as boxes with dotted lines. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 55 The ON setting shows the coloring of land masses to contrast between water and land. The OFF setting shows only coastline, without the coloring. The 957 displays your track history as a series of dots Changing the track indicating the path you’ve recently traveled. You can choose...
  • Page 56 Set the TRACK DISPLAY option to OFF to remove the track display from the CHART screen, while the 957 continues to record the track in its memory. To resume viewing your track, change this option to ON.

  • Page 57: Using Distance And Bearing Mode

    Press the RETURN menu key twice to return to the CHART screen. The 957 lets you quickly check the distance and bearing between any two points on the CHART screen. You can also use this function to make new waypoints that you define by their distance and bearing from another point.
  • Page 58 Page 50 4. To make a waypoint at the next cursor location, press the ADD WAYPT menu key, then enter its name, symbol, or description on the NEW WAYPOINT screen and press ENTER to save it. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 59: Determining Your Position

    Displaying position, heading, and speed ..52 Using GPS ........52 Using DGPS .

  • Page 60: Displaying Position, Heading, And Speed

    > from GPS plus WAAS satellites The 957 can display position as Loran TDs if the 957 is connected to a loran receiver. Also, it can display “Phantom Loran” coordinates; that is, if you don’t have a loran receiver, but want to see your position as loran TDs, the 957 will convert GPS coordinates into Loran coordinates.
  • Page 61 (see ”Changing your receiver settings” starting on page 146). The 957 displays the name of the datum currently in use in the center of the screen. The datum describes the reference of the chart you’re currently using. Most new charts use the NAD83 or WGS84 datum, which are nearly identical.
  • Page 62 To display more information about signals received from the GPS satellites, press the SAT INFO menu key on the GPS POSITION screen. The GPS SATELLITES screen is displayed showing the received Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for each...

  • Page 63: Using Dgps

    When you’re using DGPS as your navigation source, your position coordi- nates, as calculated by the 957, may actually exceed the accuracy of some charts. Chapter 5 - Determining Your Position...
  • Page 64 Displaying DGPS status Page 56 When the DGPS indicator is displayed, it means the 957 is using this higher level of accuracy. When you require this additional accuracy, be sure to check often to see that either the DGPS or WAAS indicators are present.
  • Page 65 DGPS has been turned off by the user (to enable DGPS, see ”Changing your receiver settings” starting on page 146). The GPS receiver is trying to initialize the messages from the bea- con receiver. Chapter 5 - Determining Your Position...

  • Page 66: Using Loran

    DGPS is on and the corrections are current. An unknown status code has been received from the GPS receiver. This section explains how you can use the 957 to navigate using displayed loran coordinates if the 957 is connected to an loran receiver (such as the Northstar 800).
  • Page 67 TDs you want to use, or the loran-derived latitude/longitude. If you want the 957 to display loran position coordinates from a connected loran, the loran must support the standard NMEA 0183 “RMA” output data sentence structure. Without this output capability, the 957 won’t receive position data from the loran.

  • Page 68: Using Phantom Loran

    GRI must correctly match the GRI being used by your loran receiver. Three possible loran warning indicators obtained from any Northstar 800 series loran receiver are displayed to the right of each TD. (These indicators are available only from Northstar 800 series lorans.)
  • Page 69 GPS. Phantom Loran lets you display your position as TDs, or enter waypoints as TDs. You can use the 957 to simulate the full operation of a loran receiver, using all of the 957’s navigation functions as if it was actually receiving loran signals.
  • Page 70 GRIs one at a time. When the GRI is correct, press the ENTER key. Press the SAT INFO menu key to display the status of the GPS receiver. Press the DGPS INFO menu key to display the current status of the differential receiver, including SNR, SIGNAL, and NOISE values.

  • Page 71: Understanding The Waypoints Function

    Understanding the Waypoints Function 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Introducing waypoints ..... 64 Displaying waypoints ..... . . 64 Displaying waypoint coordinates .

  • Page 72: Introducing Waypoints

    • transfer all waypoints (and routes) between any two 957’s • transfer waypoints (and routes) from the 957 to a PC, and back again You can display waypoints in any of four ways: • A graphic (chart) view of waypoints •...
  • Page 73 Chapter 6 - Understanding the Waypoints Function the order shown above. Press the CURSOR PAD to move up or down the list. (If your 957 is new, these lists will be empty.) WAYPOINTS (LOCAL) points within 100 nm, nearest one first...

  • Page 74: Displaying Waypoint Coordinates

    • as distance and bearing from your position (often the most useful way to display coordinates, since it may be easier to understand “3 miles north” than lat/lon digits) • as loran time differences 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 75: Creating New Waypoints

    To permanently store a waypoint, you must give it a name. The name can be from one to six characters long, and must be different from all the other waypoint names stored in the 957. You can also enter a description of up to 16 characters on the line below the name.
  • Page 76 3. Press the CURSOR PAD to move the cursor where you want to add the new waypoint. You can zoom in or out, as necessary, to precisely place your waypoint. 4. Press the ADD WAYPT menu key to display the NEW WAYPOINT screen. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 77 FROM HERE menu key on the waypoint list screen. If you’ve travelled to a part of the world that’s south of the Equator or east of the Prime Meridian (running through Greenwich, England), the 957 automatically displays your lat/lon coordinates as...
  • Page 78 1. Press the WAYPTS/ROUTES key. 2. Press the WAYPOINTS menu key. The 957 displays a waypoint list if you had displayed a list during a previous viewing; however, if you had previously displayed a graphical screen, you must press the NEXT VIEW menu key to display the list views.
  • Page 79 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Chapter 6 - Understanding the Waypoints Function 3. Press the ADD key to display the NEW WAYPOINT screen. 4. Enter a waypoint name and optional description. 5. Choose a symbol for the waypoint by pressing the SYMBOL menu key to find the symbol you want.

  • Page 80: Creating Avoidance-Area Waypoints

    The 957 displays an avoidance area on the CHART screen as a waypoint surrounded by a circle. The circle is the avoidance area’s warning radius, which you set when you create or edit the waypoint.
  • Page 81 In other words, just assigning a waypoint with the slashed circle symbol doesn’t mean the 957 will treat that waypoint like an avoidance point. Also, you must turn on the 957’s avoidance area alarm (see “Setting the avoidance-area alarm” on page 74).
  • Page 82 5. Press the ENTER key to make your selection, or CLEAR to leave it unchanged. If you want to set the 957’s alarm to sound only when you enter an avoid- ance area, turn off the anchor drag, cross track, arrive radius, and DGPS alarms.

  • Page 83: Editing Waypoints

    957’s waypoint editing function. To change a waypoint’s name, description, position coordinates, or warning radius: 1. Press the WAYPTS/ROUTES key, then the WAYPOINTS menu key. The 957 displays waypoints in whatever format you last used: WAYPOINTS CHART screen, WAYPOINTS (LOCAL) screen, WAYPOINTS (AVOIDANCE) screen.

  • Page 84: Updating Waypoint Coordinates

    When you travelled to that waypoint, however, its position might have been slightly different than what you expected. NOTE: 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 85: Moving Waypoints/Routes Between Units

    The 957’s import/export function lets you transfer all waypoints and routes between two 957’s (or Northstar 941, 951, or 952). To import or export waypoints and routes to and from older Northstar units, these older units must have software version 3.12 or higher NOTE:...
  • Page 86 • two 957’s • a 957 and a 952, or 951, or 941 Only one unit, called the “master,” actually enters the import/ export function. The other unit can remain in normal operation, including the displaying of different screens, as long as you do not add or change any of its waypoints or routes during the actual transfer process.
  • Page 87 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Chapter 6 - Understanding the Waypoints Function to that point are in the receiving unit (be aware that a particular route may not comprise all of its waypoints due to the transfer interruption). Press START...
  • Page 88 If the other unit is off-line, the master unit displays the dialog-box message COULDN’T GET REMOTE WAYPT/ ROUTE COUNT and the status-bar message COMMUNICATION ERROR. • If the other unit doesn’t have any waypoints and routes, the master unit displays the dialog-box message NO 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 89 Moving waypoints and routes from a unit 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Chapter 6 - Understanding the Waypoints Function WAYPTS OR ROUTES TO TRANSFER and the status-bar message NO TRANSFER DONE. • If the master unit is completely full of waypoints and...
  • Page 90 5. Before transferring, check the communication link between the two units by pressing the TEST COMM key. If the status bar now displays the message REMOTE LINK OK, you may begin to transfer waypoints. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 91: Transferring Waypoints To And From A Pc

    TRANSFER COMPLETE. You can now press any key to resume other operations. If you’ve stored many waypoints or routes in the 957, or if these waypoints are the only record you have of these important locations, you may want to keep a separate copy on your PC.
  • Page 92 Chapter 6 - Understanding the Waypoints Function Page 84 transfer software and instructions, and cable ordering information, contact your authorized Northstar dealer. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 93: Understanding The Routes Function

    Understanding the Routes Function 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Introducing routes ......86 Creating routes from the chart ....87 Creating routes from a waypoints list .

  • Page 94: Introducing Routes

    You can store as many as 500 routes in the 957, but the maximum number depends on how the number of stored waypoints.

  • Page 95: Creating Routes From The Chart

    Creating routes from the chart 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Chapter 7 - Understanding the Routes Function To create a route graphically from the CHART screen: 1. Press the WAYPTS/ROUTES key, and then press the ROUTES menu key. The names of any previously stored routes are shown on the ROUTES screen.
  • Page 96 WAYPT or the ADD NEW WP menu key for each new waypoint in the route. A line will be drawn on the NEW ROUTE screen connecting the waypoints, with small arrows indicating the direction of the route. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 97: Creating Routes From A Waypoints List

    First, you tell the 957 that you want to save a route as you travel, then you press the SAVE key as you pass each waypoint, then you tell the 957 to stop saving the route when you reach the end of the route.
  • Page 98 3. Enter the name of the new route to be saved using the KEYPAD and CURSOR PAD, then press the ENTER key. The 957 displays the message SAVING TO: ROUTE NAME at the bottom of the ROUTES screen, confirming that your route is now being saved.
  • Page 99 Note: While you’re automatically saving a route, you can access all of the 957’s navigation functions (except you can’t edit the route you’re presently saving). If at any time you’re not sure if you’re still saving a route, press the WAYPTS/ROUTES key, then the ROUTES menu key to display the ROUTES screen.

  • Page 100: Editing A Route

    On a routes list, you can perform all the functions above, plus: • you can erase the entire route To edit a existing route on the CHART screen: 1. Press the WAYPTS/ROUTES key, then press the ROUTES menu key to display the ROUTES screen. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 101 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Chapter 7 - Understanding the Routes Function 2. Press the CURSOR PAD to select the route you want to change, then press the EDIT menu key. The name of the route is displayed on the EDIT ROUTE screen.
  • Page 102 As you move the cursor, the 957 displays the new route leg as a dotted line from that first waypoint to the cursor position.
  • Page 103 As you move the cursor, the 957 displays the new connecting route legs as dotted lines to and from the new waypoint. 3. If you’ve selected an existing waypoint, press the INSERT WAYPT menu key.
  • Page 104 As you move the cursor, the 957 displays the new route leg as a dotted line from that last waypoint to the cursor position.
  • Page 105 REMOVE WAYPT menu key. Even if you remove all the waypoints from a route, the 957 still stores the empty route. To remove the route entirely, see ”Erasing an entire route” starting on page 100.
  • Page 106 3. If you want to change the route’s name, do so now. If the message at the bottom of the screen says PRESS ENTER TO CONTINUE (USING CHARTS), press the USE LIST menu key to switch to list-based editing. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 107 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Chapter 7 - Understanding the Routes Function 4. Press the ENTER key to display the second EDIT ROUTE screen. From here you can add or remove any waypoints from the route. Adding waypoints to a route 1.
  • Page 108 3. Press the ENTER key (or the CLEAR key to cancel the action). If you change a route you’re navigating along, the 957 stores the changes, but they won’t appear in the copy of the route you’re navigating along. To enable these changes, you must start following the route again (see ”Navigating along routes”...

  • Page 109: Understanding Waypoint/Route Navigation

    Understanding Waypoint/Route Navigation 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Navigating to waypoints ....102 Steering to a waypoint ....104 Navigating along routes .

  • Page 110: Navigating To Waypoints

    If you selected an existing waypoint, the 957 begins guid- ing you directly to it. If you chose a new cursor location, the 957 stores the location as a new waypoint with the name -QUIK-, and begins guiding you directly to it. Repeating this same pro- cedure will create a new -QUIK- waypoint that overwrites the existing one;...
  • Page 111 -QUIK- waypoint you make will overwrite this one: Just move the cursor to the NAME field and change the name from -QUIK- to a unique permanent name before continuing. 4. Press the ENTER key twice. The 957 begins guiding you directly to the waypoint. Page 103...

  • Page 112: Steering To A Waypoint

    3. Press the GO TO menu key, then press the ENTER key. The 957 begins guiding you directly to the waypoint. To display information that helps guide you directly to your destination waypoint, press the STEER key. If you press the STEER key twice, you’ll display two versions of the steering...
  • Page 113 Displaying distance and your Speed-Over-Ground (SOG) and Course-Over-Ground and bearing (COG). Your 957 may show an arrow between the SOG and COG displays, pointing upwards when the trend of your speed is increasing, and down when it’s decreasing. When you’re less than a mile away from a destination waypoint, you can show the distance to the waypoint in feet by setting the 957’s steering distance precision option to HIGH.
  • Page 114 If you’re following a route and the 957 sequences to a new leg, your ves- sel symbol will show your COG relative to the new leg and should be straight ahead once you’ve finished turning the vessel.
  • Page 115 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Chapter 8 - Understanding Waypoint/Route Navigation In the center of the STEERING screen is an information box where you can display the following information: • Estimated Time Enroute (ETE) to the waypoint, and Esti- mated Time and Date of Arrival (ETA) •...

  • Page 116: Navigating Along Routes

    ROUTES key, then press the ROUTES menu key to display the ROUTES screen. Press the CURSOR PAD to select the route you want to follow, then press the GO menu key. The 957 displays the CHART screen with the nearest waypoint in the route selected, but you haven’t actually begun to follow the...
  • Page 117 To go directly to any selected waypoint in the route (the nearest one is the default), press the GO TO WAYPT menu key, then press the ENTER key. The 957 calculates a track line from your present position to the selected route waypoint.

  • Page 118: Restarting The Course Line

    • after passing the obstacle, if you don’t have to go back to your original course line, you can go right to the next waypoint by using the 957’s restart function (Course 2 below) Figure 4: Restarting the course line...
  • Page 119 ENTER key. If you’re on the chart screen, you must first press the vessel key The 957 recalculates the course line to go from your present position directly to the next waypoint, and resets your cross-track error to zero.
  • Page 120 Chapter 8 - Understanding Waypoint/Route Navigation Page 112 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 121: Using The Nav Log

    Changing your trip ......115 Stopping and restarting navigation ..116 his chapter explains the 957’s nav log function, which gives you a quick and easy way to check your progress during your trip, and make changes to it while you travel.

  • Page 122: Introducing The Nav Log

    Chapter 9 - Using the Nav Log Introducing the nav log Page 114 The 957’s nav log helps you plan and log your trip. The nav log provides three main functions: • to display your progress along your trip •...

  • Page 123: Changing Your Trip

    4. Repeat these steps for any more waypoints you want to add. If you go to a waypoint or along a route by using the 957’s GO TO func- tion, the 957 automatically enters and organizes the waypoints in the nav log.

  • Page 124: Stopping And Restarting Navigation

    Restarting navigation Page 116 Whenever you press the nav log’s STOP menu key, the 957 stops navigating, and won’t display distance and bearing to waypoints or ETA or ETE. You can restart navigation along any leg or to any waypoint of the trip.

  • Page 125: Using Special Functions

    Understanding TideTrack™ ....131 Using the video display option ... . . 133 his chapter describes the 957’s special functions: alarms, TideTrack, and the optional video display.

  • Page 126: Understanding Alarms

    Page 118 Alarms automatically alert you to certain situations, for example, when you’re approaching a waypoint, or entering an avoidance area, or when you’ve lost position fixes. The 957 displays its alarms in two different ways: • as specific alarm icons on the display screens •...
  • Page 127 “cleared” yet (see “Clearing alarms” below). There may also be other uncleared alarms. Recent alarm messages The 957 keeps a record of the one most recent alarm from each main category (anchor, avoidance, communications, cross track, and waypoints). This lets you “browse” through the older alarm messages.
  • Page 128 Alarms that require manual clearing - These will stay onscreen until you clear them on the ALARMS screen. All of the 957’s alarms are described in Table 6 below. The following abbreviations are used in Table 6. For alarm message, ‘NAME’ = name of waypoint.
  • Page 129 NOW NAVIGATING TO WAYPT: ‘NAME’ YOU’RE CLOSE TO WAYPT: ‘NAME’ 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Table 6: 957 alarms (continued) Vessel has entered the warning radius of an avoidance waypoint. This alarm is shown only if you’ve turned it on at the ALARMS screen.
  • Page 130 ALARMS at the screen. You’ve powered-up the 957 while already in demo mode DGPS or WAAS corrections were previ- ously used, but are now temporarily unus- able. This alarm is shown only if you’ve...
  • Page 131 GPS position fix is unavailable and GPS or Phantom loran is the chosen position source. This alarm is delayed for three minutes at power-up. The 957 hasn’t received any messages from the GPS receiver pod for over 30 seconds. Chapter 10 - Using Special Functions Does not time out.
  • Page 132 This alarm is delayed for three minutes at power-up. The 957 hasn’t received any messages from the external loran receiver for over 30 seconds. Vessel has passed abeam of the active waypoint —...
  • Page 133 POOR LORAN SIGNALS Fishfinder alarms (only shown on the 957 if fishfinder is enabled) BOTTOM COLLISION! FISH FOUND 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Table 6: 957 alarms (continued) BLINK, CYCLE or LOW SNR detected in the external loran used as the position source.
  • Page 134 • arrive radius • DGPS alarm You can also turn the alarm audio on or off for all of the 957’s alarms Alarm audio You can turn the alarm audio on so that the 957 will beep when any alarm goes off, or you can turn the audio off completely so that you’ll only see alarm icons and messages...
  • Page 135 CURSOR PAD right, and use the KEYPAD to enter the distance. Be sure to subtract a safety factor to allow for GPS or loran inaccu- racy, then press the ENTER key. Cross-track alarm The cross-track alarm will signal if your vessel moves beyond a certain distance from the desired track line.
  • Page 136 There are two alarms triggered by the arrive radius. If you’re following a route and have chosen automatic waypoint switching, entering the radius makes the 957 switch to the next leg and display the CHANGING alarm icon. If there are no more waypoints in the route, or if you’ve chosen manual...
  • Page 137 Press the CURSOR PAD to turn the alarm to ON, then press the ENTER key. You can set the 957 to honk, in addition to the beep, if a honker has been connected to pin #14 on the interface connector.
  • Page 138 This honking starts simultaneously with any flashing alarm icons. After you set all alarms to honk, an alarm causes the 957 to emit a sound for half a second, followed by silence for half a second. This honking sequence stops when the alarms either automatically clear or you manually clear them.

  • Page 139: Understanding Tidetrack

    HONK OUTPUT ANCHOR ALM ™ The 957 calculates tide information for any of over 3,540 NOS/ NOAA tide stations. To display this information, press the STAR key until you see the TIDE TRACK screen. The entire U.S. coastline--including Alaska and Hawaii--is covered, plus many Caribbean islands and eastern and western Canada.
  • Page 140 1. On the TIDE TRACK screen, press the CONFIGURE menu key. 2. Press the CHOOSE CLOSEST TIDE STATION menu key. The 957 searches for the nine stations closest to your present position, and displays this list with the closest sta- tion at the top.

  • Page 141: Using The Video Display Option

    3. When the date is correct, press ENTER twice to display the tides for the new date. If the 957 is connected to a video camera or other video source, you can display the image right on the 957’s display screens.
  • Page 142 (If you’re displaying the CHART screen or 3D STEER screen, the IN and OUT keys are reserved for zooming. You must display a different screen, press IN or OUT, then return to those screens.) NOTE: 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 143 To change the size of the image, press a number from 1 to 9 on the KEYPAD. To move the image around on the screen, location press the CURSOR PAD. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Page 135...
  • Page 144 Chapter 10 - Using Special Functions Page 136 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 145: Setting Up Your 957

    Changing the time zone ....155 his chapter explains the various options for changing how the 957 displays information, computes navigation data, and communicates with other devices. You can change each option at any time according to your specific needs.

  • Page 146: Changing Your Display Settings

    Changing your display settings Changing the settings Page 138 To access the 957’s display options, press the STAR key until you see the OPTIONS/SERVICE INFO screen. Press the DISPLAY OPTIONS menu key to access the DISPLAY OPTIONS screen. To change any of the options (explained in detail on the...
  • Page 147 You can set the 957’s display of distances and speeds to any of the following units of measurement: •...
  • Page 148 Page 140 You can set the time of day to either a 12- or 24-hour format. The option you select here affects all of the 957’s time-related displays, including high and low tides, sunrise/sunset, and ETA. You can set the precision of the 957’s latitude and longitude displays to either degrees, minutes, and seconds (two decimal places, or .XX), or to degrees, minutes, and thousandths of...

  • Page 149: Changing Your Navigation Settings

    Your message can be changed only by entering your access code number and repeating the above procedure. The 957 gives you three attempts at entering the correct access code; after that, all operations freeze, requiring you to turn power off, then turn it back on again to resume functioning.
  • Page 150 • external loran - choose this if a loran receiver is connected to the 957 If your 957 is connected with an optional external radiobeacon differential receiver, differential GPS corrections will automatically be used even if you select Phantom Loran.
  • Page 151 • manual - you manually switch to the next waypoint When set to automatic, the 957 displays the new distance and bearing information for the next waypoint when you arrive at the previous one. It immediately stops navigating when you pass a lone waypoint or the last waypoint in a route.
  • Page 152 ENTER key. For a list of the 957’s available datums, see Appendix C at the back of this manual. You can specify a different datum for the 957’s output ports than the one set for the positional display. For instructions, see the Northstar 957 Installation Manual (part number GM957IM).
  • Page 153 “high,” the distance-to-waypoint and cross-track error are displayed in feet or meters—when you’re under one mile or kilometer from the destination waypoint. Chapter 11 - Setting up your 957 Cross-track full scale setting Then... you can choose among 1000 FT, 2000 FT, or ½...

  • Page 154: Changing Your Receiver Settings

    Chapter 11 - Setting up your 957 Changing your receiver settings Page 146 To access the 957’s receiver options, press the STAR key until you see the OPTIONS/SERVICE INFO screen. Press the RECEIVER OPTIONS menu key to access the RECEIVER OPTIONS screen.
  • Page 155 GPS satellites, are slightly erratic, varying by up to several knots. The 957’s GPS speed averaging function can help steady these readings. This function lets you select the time over which your speed is averaged, with choices between two and ten seconds.
  • Page 156 If the signal that’s received and monitored by Channel 1 degrades for any reason (such as bad weather between your vessel and the transmitter), the 957 tries to select a better frequency from the directory it has compiled. This function allows it to switch to the best differential signal before your GPS accuracy is affected negatively.
  • Page 157 Although the need is rare, you can manually override automatic mode at any time by issuing tuning commands using the 957’s KEYPAD. In manual mode, the differential receiver outputs its corrections only from the selected station. To manually choose a differential station, you must select the frequency of the desired station: 1.
  • Page 158 • WAAS - the 957 will use WAAS differential corrections The DGPS data timeout setting determines how long the 957 will continue to use old DGPS corrections if no new corrections are received due to bad weather, extreme distance from beacon, etc.

  • Page 159: Changing Your Port Settings

    SETUP OPTIONS key, then the WIRING INFO key. For details about interfacing the 957, contact your local authorized Northstar dealer. For the fishfinder to work with the 957, you must set up the 957’s AUX port for fishfinding: 1. Press the STAR key to display the OPTIONS/SERVICE INFO screen.

  • Page 160: Installing Software Updates

    Northstar dealer. Do not remove the card and do not turn the unit off while the update is in progress or your 957 system will be corrupted. 1. Press the STAR key to display the OPTIONS/SERVICE INFO screen.
  • Page 161 RCVR SELF TEST field. If the message FAILED is displayed, you may have to return the 957 to the factory for service. A built-in keypad test lets you check the integrity of the 957’s keys. This function works for all keys except PWR,...
  • Page 162 MORE key on the OPTIONS/SERVICE INFO screen, then the IGNORE DOOR key on the MORE OPTIONS/SERVICE INFO screen, then the ENTER key. The 957 will then let you use the cartridge as if the door was functioning properly. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 163: Changing The Time Zone

    The bypass stays in effect until you disable it or shut the 957 off. The next time you turn the 957 on, the IGNORE DOOR command won’t be in effect; you must re-invoke it by re-pressing the IGNORE DOOR menu key.
  • Page 164 Chapter 11 - Setting up your 957 Page 156 In the center of the screen, the current time expressed as “GMT” (Greenwich Mean Time) is displayed. Note that the day of the week in Greenwich, England may be different from the day in your local time zone (right screen, above).

  • Page 165: Appendix A - Understanding Gps And Waas

    GPS has an absolute and repeatable accuracy of 20 to 30 meters (better than 100 feet) 95 percent of the time, according to the U.S. government. This means that you can expect to be...
  • Page 166 What is WAAS satellite differential? One type of differential corrections involves the tracking of WAAS satellites using Northstar’s 2201, a 12-channel GPS/ WAAS pod. The self-contained 2201 provides the 957 with accuracy of better than 2 meters 2dRMS. What is radiobeacon satellite differential? Another type of differential corrections comes from fixed “reference stations,”...
  • Page 167 When using beacon differential through an optional external Northstar radiobeacon receiver, the 957 provides an accuracy of one to three meters 50 percent of the time, and an accuracy of four meters 95 percent of the time. Lat/lon positions are displayed to thousandths of minutes (approximately six feet).
  • Page 168 GPS. Instead, you could be as far as 200 feet from your expected position. This is especially apparent when you’re displaying the 957’s CHART screen, where you can see your vessel’s plotted position appear to wander around within an area up to 200 feet in diameter (see figure below).
  • Page 169 (repeatable and absolute) 95 percent of the time. SOG readings should be accurate to 0.1 knot. You can connect your 957 to your loran receiver (as long as the loran has the appropriate NMEA 0183 output capability), and display and navigate with real-time loran TDs.
  • Page 170 Page 162 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 171: Appendix B - System Features

    Appendix B - System Features GPS and WAAS General Charting 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B • self-contained 12-channel L1 GPS/WAAS pod antenna-receiver • 2-channel WAAS reception • WAAS accuracy < 2 meters 2dRMS • accurate, worldwide position data in any weather, 24 hours a day •...
  • Page 172 Store up to 1,000 waypoints and 500 routes • Store 35 waypoints per route • Displays waypoints: on the CHART screen > > on an alphabetical list > on a local list (in order of distance from your present position) 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 173 Waypoint navigation Nav log 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B > on a local avoidance list (in order of distance from your present position) • Update waypoint coordinates to vessel’s position Edit/erase waypoints or routes directly on the CHART • screen or on list screens •...
  • Page 174 GLL, GSA, GSV, LCD, HSC, MSS, RNN, RMA, RMB, VTG, WCV, XTE, ZDA, ZTG. Conforms to NMEA v 2.0 and later. Supports 1.5 GLL and BWC. • One VGA out port (connects to Northstar 1200 Series or other monitor) • One VIDEO in port (NTSC/PAL) - accepts all standard video sources •...
  • Page 175 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B • 10-36 volts DC power • 0 degrees Celsius - 55 degrees Celsius max 95 percent rel- ative humidity, non-condensing Page 167...
  • Page 176 Page 168 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 177: Appendix C - Geodetic Datums

    ARC-1960 mean value ARC60_K ARC 1960—Kenya ARC60_T ARC 1960—Tanzania Ascension Island 1958 Astro Beacon “E” (Pacific Isl.) Astro B4 Sorol Atoll (Hawaiian Islands) 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Table 9: Available 957 datums ELLIPSOID delta x delta y CL1880 -166 CL1880...
  • Page 178 Table 9: Available 957 datums (continued) Datum name AD714 Astro Dos 71/4 (Atlantic Isl.) AS52 Astronomic Station 1952 AG66 Australian Geodetic 1966 AG84 Australian Geodetic 1984 Bellevue (IGN) Bermuda 1957 Bogota Observatory (Colombia) Campo Inchauspe CA66 Canton Astro 1966 CAPE...
  • Page 179 Table 9: Available 957 datums (continued) Datum name EUR50_SA European 1950—Sardinia EUR50_SI European 1950—Sicily EUR50_NF European 1950—Norway and Finland EUR50_PS European 1950—Portugal and Spain EUR79 European 1979 GAND Gandajika Base (Indian Ocean) GD49 Geodetic Datum 1949 GUAM63 Guam 1963 Gux 1 Astro HJOR Hjorsey 1955—Iceland...
  • Page 180 Table 9: Available 957 datums (continued) Datum name MASI Marco Astro—Salvage Islands MASS Massawa (Africa) MERCH Merchich (Africa) MA61 Midway Astro 1961 MINA Minna (Africa) NAH_O Nahrwan—Masirah Island (Oman) NAH_UA Nahrwan—United Arab Emirates NAH_SA Nahrwan—Saudi Arabia Naparima BWI (Trinidad and Tobago) NAD27_MN North American 1927—CONUS mean value...
  • Page 181 Table 9: Available 957 datums (continued) Datum name NAD27_GR North American 1927—Greenland NAD27_MX North American 1927—Mexico NAD83 North American 1983 OB1966 Observatorio 1966 (Atl. Isl.) Old Egyptian OHW_MN Old Hawaiian—mean value OHW_HW Old Hawaiian—Hawaii OHW_KA Old Hawaiian—Kauai OHW_MA Old Hawaiian—Maui OHW_OA Old Hawaiian—Oahu...
  • Page 182 Table 9: Available 957 datums (continued) Datum name PSA56_GY Provisional S. American 1956—Guyana PSA56_PR Provisional S. American 1956—Peru PSA56_VN Provisional S. American 1956—Venezuela PRICO Puerto Rico QUAT Qatar National QORN Qornoq (Greenland) REUN Reunion (Indian Ocean) ROME Rome 1940 SDOS Santo (DOS) (S.W.
  • Page 183 Table 9: Available 957 datums (continued) Datum name SEBAS Southeast Base SWBAS Southwest Base TIMB Timbalai 1948 (Malaysia) TOK_MN Tokyo mean value TOK_JP Tokyo—Japan TOK_KR Tokyo—Korea TOK_OK Tokyo—Okinawa TA68 Tristan Astrological 1968 (S. Atl.) VL16 Viti Levu 1916 (S.W. Pac. Isl.)
  • Page 184 Page 176 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...

  • Page 185: Appendix D - Glossary

    The positions of lat/lon and TDs are referred to as absolute, and distance and bearing are relative (that is, distance and bearing are in relation to a certain reference point). 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Page 177...
  • Page 186 It’s activated and positioned by the user when required. The 957’s cursor appears as an arrow or a flashing block, depending on whether you’re choosing or entering data. Also known as the red circle on the CHART screen, which you manually activate and position.
  • Page 187 LOng RAnge Navigation. A system of land-based radio transmitters emitting precisely timed pulses that are received and translated into position “fixes” by a loran receiver. The 957 can convert and display its GPS coordinates into Loran-C position measurements, or TDs.
  • Page 188 The “slave” loran transmitters in a chain of at least three stations. Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Guide number for determining the relative quality of GPS, DGPS, or loran signals as compared to background radio “noise.” Page 180 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 189 A desired line of travel, or path already travelled. WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System. waypoint A particular location (defined for navigation purposes by its lat/lon, distance and bearing, or TDs), used as an intermediate or final destination. 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B Page 181...
  • Page 190 Page 182 957 Operator’s Manual, Rev. B...
  • Page 191 DGPS 128 different types and descriptions 120 displaying 27 icons 20 honk. See Alarms, audible 129 setting 126 Arrive radius. See Alarms 128 Avoidance area creating on the chart screen 72 definition of 72 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B Page 183...
  • Page 192 66 displaying with Navionics Nav-Chart cartridges 7 displaying your present position on 7 editing a route from 92 menu keys 10 plotter function 20, 38 rotating 42 Charts, electronic cautions 34 Page 184 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B...
  • Page 193 34 displaying outlines of 46 understanding 34 CLEAR key 31 Clearing alarms. See Alarms 20 COG. See Course-over-ground. Connecting the 957. See Interfacing 64 Contacting Northstar 3 Controls (keys) introducing the functions of 18 Course-over-ground displaying on chart screen 12...
  • Page 194 103 seeing on the chart screen 33 understanding 49 ENTER key 31 Entering data using the keypad 30 Ephemeris, definition of 178 definition of 178 displaying on steering screens 107 Page 186 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B...
  • Page 195 178 displaying on steering screens 107 Exporting all waypoints and routes from a unit 77 Factory defaults 128, 140, 143, 149, 150 Feedback, sending yours to Northstar 4 First start-up 5–7 Fishfinder displaying 13 setting up and using 13, 151 Fishfinder.
  • Page 196 See Alarms 20 Identification numbers 957 serial number 152 owner’s ID message 140 Import/export between two 957’s 77 Importing all waypoints and routes to a unit 77 IN key 32 Info bar 77, 94 displaying on chart screen 12...
  • Page 197 69, 71 on quick waypoint screen 103 receiver displaying data from 58–60 Magnetic variation changing 143 definition of 143, 179 Maintaining the 957 cleaning 24 protecting 23 Man overboard mode. See MOB key 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B Page 189...
  • Page 198 Noise levels (atmospheric) 57 Northstar, contacting 3 OUT key 32 Personal computer, interfacing to 64 Phantom Loran 142 definition of 61 displaying 142 Position converting coordinates 77 converting coordinates from GPS to TDs 60 Page 190 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B...
  • Page 199 92–97 using a waypoints list 98–100 while navigating 100 erasing entire 100 importing and exporting between two 957’s 77 navigating from stored 108 removing waypoints from 97, 100 reversing 109 saving as you travel 89–91 starting 109–110...
  • Page 200 Serial number required for repair 4 viewing your 957’s 153 Service obtaining technical support 3 returning the 957 for repair 4–5 RMA number 4 warranty statement 4 Setting up your 957 138–151 Sharing waypoints and routes. See Import/export 77 Signal to Noise Ratio...
  • Page 201 Estimated Time of Arrival 114 Time differences (TDs) converting 60, 142 definition of 181 displaying 59–62, 103 entering 69, 71 Track clearing track history 49 definition of 181 definition of track line 47 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B Page 193...
  • Page 202 47 relative to cross-track distance 145 transmitters 177 Turning off the 957 7 Turning on the 957 5 Turning the chart (rotating) 42 Updates, installing software 152 Vessel mode changing to browse mode 40 understanding 40 Video image display...
  • Page 203 957’s 77 listing 64 making a new waypoint on the chart screen 68–70 on the waypoints screen 70–72 naming 75, 88, 91 navigating to quick 15 navigating to stored 104 steering to 104–108 storing 67...
  • Page 204 Page 196 957 Operator’s Manual Rev. B...

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