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microHAM MK2R User Manual

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microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved
microKEYER: 2 Radio
MK2R & MK2R+
microHAM
fax: +421 2 4594 5100
e-mail:
support@microham.com
homepage:
www.microham.com
Version 7.4
23 November, 2008
1

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  • Page 1 © 2008 All rights reserved microKEYER: 2 Radio MK2R & MK2R+ microHAM fax: +421 2 4594 5100 e-mail: support@microham.com homepage: www.microham.com Version 7.4 23 November, 2008...

  • Page 2: Table Of Contents

    Front Panel ......................7 Rear Panel ......................11 4. INSTALLATION ......................15 Preparing MK2R for Use..................15 Installing microHAM USB Device Router ..............17 Configuring the USB Audio Codec and USB Voice Codec ........18 Configuring microHAM USB Device Router ............19 Creating and Using Virtual Serial Ports ..............
  • Page 3 © 2008 All rights reserved 6. MK2R OPERATION ..................... 62 Setting Audio Levels ....................62 Understanding Transmit (TX) Focus ..............64 Understanding Headphone Switching ..............65 Using Functions ..................... 67 Understanding Interlocks ..................68 System Considerations ..................69 External Keyboard/Numeric Keypad ..............70 7.

  • Page 4: Features And Functions

    (R1=SSB, R2=CW) • innovative dual sound card processing • integrated dual USB sound core (MK2R+ only) • 16 buttons/42 lights for ergonomic function control and status display • compatible with most standard MS Windows based logging or control programs •...
  • Page 5 • front panel controls to optimize mic drive for each radio • integrated high performance, low noise floor USB sound core (MK2R+ only) • separate USB sound codec for digital modes (MK2R+ only) •...

  • Page 6: Important Warnings

    ALWAYS check the polarity of the 13.8 V power supply. When changing Radio #1, ALWAYS be sure the proper microphone for the radio is connected to the MK2R RJ45 MIC jack BEFORE connecting the DC37 RADIO cable. If dissimilar radios are attached to MK2R or MK2R+, NEVER connect the microphone of the Radio #2 to the RJ45 microphone jack on the rear panel.

  • Page 7: Panel Description

    3 - PANEL DESCRIPTION Front Panel B1 – POWER Turns MK2R/MK2R+ on or off. While in operation, a short press will lock or unlock the front panel. When locked, the LOCK light will illuminate. B2 – MIC Selects the microphone. When the REAR light is illuminated the microphone attached to rear panel RJ45 MIC jack is active.
  • Page 8 RADIO1. Selecting the VFO connected to each ear is accomplished by holding the RADIO1 button and pressing the LEFT EAR (B4) and RIGHT EAR (B5) buttons. The selection will be saved in MK2R memory. By default the left ear is connected to VFO A and the right ear is connected to VFO B.
  • Page 9 B16 – LEFT Selects the audio source connected to the left channel of Sound Card 2 Line In (MK2R) or “Digital” Audio Codec (MK2R+). (4) – Recording/Digital left channel audio status RADIO1: A –...
  • Page 10 YELLOW color indicates when both PTT1 + PTT2 are active (16) – RECORDING/DIGITAL LEFT Controls the left channel audio level to SC2 Line In (MK2R) or “Digital” Audio Codec (MK2R+) for audio recording or digital mode operation. (17) – RECORDING/DIGITAL RIGHT Controls the right channel audio level to SC2 Line In (MK2R) or “Digital”...

  • Page 11: Rear Panel

    If the original radio microphone uses a connector other than an RJ45 the appropriate adapter is provided with the cable set. All microphone controls are connected to the RADIO1 DB37 connector (pins 12-15 and 30-33). Important warning: If dissimilar radios are attached to the MK2R or MK2R+ NEVER connect the microphone from Radio #2 to this jack.
  • Page 12 RING – Signal (internally connected to TIP) SHELL – Ground NOTE: These four jacks (8-11) are present only on MK2R. MK2R utilizes to two external sound cards SC1 (for Voice modes) and SC2 (for Digital modes). MK2R+ includes internal SC1 (Voice Codec) and SC2 (Digital mode Codec).
  • Page 13 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved (19) – RADIO2 Multi-pin jack for RADIO2 interconnection. Connector: DB37 female Detailed description is in Appendix A. (20) – PTT IN 2 Status input for sensing the state of RADIO2. Connect to the PTT output of RADIO2. Connector: RCA TIP –...
  • Page 14 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved (26) – PAPTT1 PTT output for Power Amplifier for RADIO1. Output (Solid State or RElay contact) depends on RE/SS jumper position. Connector: RCA, when active goes to ground. TIP – Signal SHELL – Ground If the jumper is in the SS position, the switching transistor (open collector) is connected to the PAPTT1 jack.

  • Page 15: Installation

    3. Plug the DB37M of the other radio cable set into the RADIO2 connector on the rear panel of the MK2R. Connect ALL connectors from the cable set to the matching jacks on the rear panel of RADIO2. Each connector on the radio interface cable is marked same as the jack on your transceiver.
  • Page 16 10. If you use a foot switch, connect the foot switch for RADIO1 to FS1 and foot switch for RADIO2 to FS2. If you use only a single foot switch, connect it to FS1. You will configure MK2R for single or dual foot switch operation later with the MK2R control program.

  • Page 17: Installing Microham Usb Device Router

    microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved Installing microHAM USB Device Router To install Router click on the Install USB Device Router link on the installation CD or download the most recent installation package from the web site: www.microham.com/contents/en-us/d29.html If you download an updated package, click on "urouter_release_xx_xx.exe"...

  • Page 18: Configuring The Usb Audio Codec And Usb Voice Codec

    © 2008 All rights reserved Configuring USB Audio CODEC and USB Voice CODEC (MK2R+ only) Windows will automatically install the USB Audio Device driver to support the USB Audio CODEC and USB Voice CODEC in MK2R+ Windows automatically selects any newly installed audio device as the default device for Sound Playback and Sound recording.

  • Page 19: Configuring Microham Usb Device Router

    In order to configure and use MK2R with Windows compatible application programs, you must have installed the USB driver, started Router, applied power to MK2R and turned the device on. Router is then configured as required by the application (logging, control or digital mode) software.

  • Page 20: Creating And Using Virtual Serial Ports

    Router provides a set of virtual serial ports which allow Windows applications (logging and digital software) to work with MK2R just as they would work with "real" (hardware) serial ports. In order to use these virtual Ports, you must first create the ports and then assign a port to each function you wish to use (radio control, PTT, CW, FSK, etc.).

  • Page 21: Microham Device Router

    Automatically assign microHAM audio devices: when checked, Router will automatically assign proper audio device of the same name if multiple microHAM interfaces of the same kind are connected to the one computer. This setting does not apply to MK2R or MK2R+, it applies only to DIGI Keyer.

  • Page 22: Menu: Preset

    CW, FSK, PTT, and the sound card its own way. In some cases, what works for one application may not work properly with another. To get maximum performance from MK2R, the user should create customized settings for each application used.

  • Page 23: Menu: Device

    microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved 3. By right clicking on the system tray icon when the Router is minimized. The presets and the current router configuration are stored to the registry when Router is closed and recalled when Router is loaded. Save as - Saves the current Router settings to a preset for future use.

  • Page 24: Menu: Virtual Port

    NOTE: If you upgrade Router, each upgrade will include the latest firmware file. The new firmware will be automatically uploaded to the MK2R when the new version of Router connects for the first time, you have just to confirm the upgrade when prompted.

  • Page 25: Menu: Help

    About: Shows the Router's internal version number DEVICE CONFIGURATION TABS There are twelve (12) tabs for configuring MK2R. Each tab controls part of MK2R's functions. Except for CW Messages, FSK Messages and Functions tabs, any change is applied immediately to MK2R.

  • Page 26: Ports Tab

    Proper port configuration is critical for operation with application software. MK2R has ten channels – each channel provides an indication of the settings applied by the application and current state (e.g., or or off). These eight channels (functions) are available for each radio: CAT (uses RxD and TxD) –...

  • Page 27: Ports: Radio

    TIP: If the application provides PTT (T/R) by radio control (CAT) turn this function OFF. PTT by CAT is not reliable because RFI can prevent the radio from switching back to receive. In addition, MK2R cannot properly handle T/R sequencing or protect the Power Amplifier and LNA from hot switching since the radio will be keyed before MK2R can sense it.
  • Page 28 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved Disable router queries – When this box checked, Router will not poll the radio for frequency and mode when that information is not available from the communication between the application and radio. Note: "Disable router queries" disables Router polling only when the port has been opened by an application program.

  • Page 29: Fsk & 2

    microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved NOTE: Although Router has been tested extensively using many different applications for the CAT and 2 ports, microHAM cannot guarantee proper operation with every possible combination of software. FSK & 2 FSK PORTS The FSK channel is used by the application program to send the FSK keying signal. FSK is used primarily for RTTY.

  • Page 30: Ports: Fsk & 2 Ports: Cw

    To test FSK operation from the computer to the radio, click the Test button with no port assigned or the port closed. The Test button will generate "RY" two times. NOTE: Select RADIO1 or RADIO2 (as appropriate) with the buttons on MK2R when testing. CW PORT By its very nature, USB is not well suited to transfer the real time events required for CW keying.

  • Page 31: Ptt & 2

    Power Amplifier, LNA or receive antenna switch. To test PTT, click on the Test button with no port assigned or the port closed. NOTE: Select RADIO1 or RADIO2 (as needed) with the buttons on MK2R when testing. FOOT SWITCH Router allows assigning a virtual serial port to the foot switch channel and selecting one of four available input control lines (CTS, DCD, DSR or RING).

  • Page 32: Ports: Winkeyer2

    “decoded” response from WinKey. “ If a line ends in three dots (...) it means that the command or response has been broken across two USB packets. NOTE: Select RADIO1 or RADIO2 (as appropriate) with the buttons on MK2R when testing.

  • Page 33: Ports: Control

    LPT CW) will be used by MK2R. Selecting multiple sources will result in distorted CW output. TIP: If you plan to use MK2R with DOS based software, check both Use LPT for CW and Use LPT for PTT and select "Device | Store as Power-up Settings" from the Router menu.

  • Page 34: Ports: Cw/Ptt Steering

    WinKey support is limited to “one radio” mode. Steer WinKey CWPTT allows MK2R to steer the “RADIO 1” CW and PTT outputs of WinKey 2 to the active radio using the "steering" control signal (TX focus) defined on the SO2R tab.

  • Page 35: Audio Switching Tab

    System Tray area of the Task Bar). - If your system has more than one sound card installed (as it should with MK2R or MK2R+), click Options | Properties and select the sound card you are using. Then select "Playback" and enable ALL controls to be displayed.
  • Page 36 (VOX, foot switch, computer generated transmit/receive switching, etc.) for each mode. In addition, two sound cards (external for MK2R or internal for MK2R+) - one for CW and voice (USB Voice CODEC or SC1) and one for digital modes (USB Audio CODEC or SC2) are selected automatically based on radio mode and user preferences.
  • Page 37 To enter into programming mode, MK2R must be placed into AUTO mode by pressing the RADIO1 (B7) and RADIO2 (B9) buttons at the same time and then selecting + (B5) and BOTH (B8) simultaneously. The AUTO light will flash while the MK2R is in programming mode. To exit Programming mode, press B5 and B8 simultaneously.
  • Page 38 AUX, or ACC depending on manufacturer). This audio routing is used for digital mode operation and sound card SC2 (MK2R) or USB Audio CODEC (MK2R+) output. Since the PKT or AUX input of most radios bypasses the radio internal microphone preamp and other audio processing stages which can distort digital modulation from the sound card, setting B is recommended for digital mode operation.
  • Page 39 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved 2. Transmit by computer generated PTT or WinKey PTT. This setting is displayed in the MIDDLE picture and indicated by the second letter of the settings (ACmA). The current operating state is indicated by a large black frame around the switching picture. A: Computer audio is disconnected from the radio and the station microphone is connected directly to the transceiver microphone jack.
  • Page 40 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved Audio Switching Router generally selects the proper audio configuration based on the mode, and optionally frequency, reported by the transceiver in response to polling by the application (logger) and/or Router. If Router is not able to read the operating mode from your radio (radio does not have computer control port or does not report usable mode information), you can select one of four fixed “no radio”...
  • Page 41 Vista sound support. Router will show a black box around the selected mode/audio configuration. MK2R must know which channel of the sound card to use for RADIO1 and which for RADIO2. This is done with the Left / Right selector labeled Use line out channel.

  • Page 42: Audio Mixer Tab

    SC2 or USB Audio CODEC (DIGITAL modes). You must select the names of the sound cards that are connected to MK2R or MK2R+ in the Audio Mixer. For MK2R+ choose USB Voice CODEC at the left side and USB Audio CODEC at the right side. For MK2R select the system name of the sound card connected to SC1 jacks (Voice) in the left side and the system name of the sound card connected to the SC2 jacks (digital) in the right side.
  • Page 43 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved NOTE: Because Windows can reassign sound cards while in use, Router may not invoke the proper mixer. To check that the proper mixer has been assigned, click the Get ID button and confirm that the proper sound card is selected.
  • Page 44 Knob TX1 (11) adjusts the drive for RADIO1, knob TX2 (14) adjusts the drive for RADIO2. Test Signal: causes MK2R to output a 1500 Hz audio tone for setting the transmit output level for AFSK digital modes. The radio with transmit focus will be keyed.
  • Page 45 Audio CODEC this attempt will generate an error message. Ignore this error - USB Audio CODEC does not have a recording mixer. MK2R shows sliders for the sound card line in. Keep the inputs at about 80-90% and use front panel pots for adjustment. When correctly adjusted, the input signal should never reach RED level.

  • Page 46: Ptt Tab

    The foot switch attached to the MK2R rear panel RCA jacks. ● MK2R can be configured to recognize one or two foot switches on the SO2R tab. If MK2R is configured for one foot switch, both foot switch inputs will operate in parallel.
  • Page 47 © 2008 All rights reserved PTT OUTPUTS MK2R has four (4) PTT outputs for each radio: PTT1, PTT2, PAPTT and LNA PTT. PTT1 and PTT2 are brought out to the DB37 Radio connector. PAPTT and LNA PTT are RCA jacks for connecting to external devices.
  • Page 48 1.33 word space (14 elements), 1.66 word space (16 elements) or two word spaces (18 elements). FOOT SWITCH SEQUENCER Additional functions can be associated with the foot switch (or hand mic PTT). MK2R recognizes when the foot switch is closed (pressed) or open (released). MK2R can mute or block...

  • Page 49: Cw/Winkey Tab

    microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved CW/WinKey TAB This tab provides the configuration for the internal, WinKey2 based, CW keyer. A complete WinKey2 manual can be downloaded from: http://k1el.tripod.com/docfiles.html. Thanks to Steve Elliott, K1EL for this great product. WinKey2 can be controlled by a logging program or operate in stand alone mode controlled by Router. Router controls the speed range, Paddle mode and other timing characteristics of Winkey2.

  • Page 50: Cw Messages Tab

    Test: plays a message without storing it Store: saves one message to MK2R memory Store All: saves all messages to MK2R memory Load from File: loads all messages from file...

  • Page 51: Fsk Messages Tab

    Delay: sets the delay in seconds before looping or calling another message Store: saves one message to MK2R memory Store All: saves all messages to MK2R memory Load from File: loads all messages from file...

  • Page 52: Dvk Tab

    © 2008 All rights reserved DVK TAB MK2R allows recording and playing nine voice messages per bank and an unlimited number of banks (limited only by the capacity of the computer hard disk). Banks can be managed with Rename, Add and Remove buttons.

  • Page 53: Keyboard Tab

    microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved KEYBOARD TAB The Keyboard Tab controls the operation of a PS/2 keyboard or numeric keypad connected to the PS/2 jack. It is also possible to define control functions for the numeric keypad. Custom controls are invoked by pressing and holding the asterisk key (*) with Numkey0-9.

  • Page 54: So2R Tab

    Focus and Stereo (Split) headphone states to MK2R/MK2R+. Computer AUTO Control: If MK2R is in AUTO TX Focus and AUTO RX Focus, radio selection is under software control. MK2R provides three ways for the application to control focus: the traditional parallel (LPT) port – the "CT/NA standard,"...
  • Page 55 SO2R mode disabled. ALWAYS observe contest rules !!! Disable band lock (in band SO2R): In order to prevent accidentally transmitting with both radios on the same band, MK2R will normally inhibit transmission when both radios are on the same band or data from one radio is lost.
  • Page 56 This means that the paddles will be connected to the radio not in use by the logging software. Reverse DVK focus: if the logger is using its own DVK, the MK2R DVK will key the opposite (unselected) radio. You can use the MK2R DVK (with PS/2 keyboard or keypad) to call a station on the radio that does not have focus.

  • Page 57: Accessory (Acc) Port Tab

    ACCESSORY (ACC) TAB MK2R's Accessory connector supports 29 I/O functions which can be assigned to six "ports." The left half of the Accessory tab is for RADIO1 (pins 4-9) - the right half for RADIO2 (pins 2,3 and 10-13). Pins 2, 3, 4, 5 are fully configurable and provide radio specific and global functions.
  • Page 58 RADIO 1/RADIO2 ENABLE • Enable signal from MK2R to Radio1/Radio2 – delays generation of RF by radios equipped to use the signal and provides “hot switch” free operation even with VOX or CAT T/R switching •...
  • Page 59 NOTE: This function does not replace the SteppIR controller, the original controller is still used. Connecting a SteppIR controller: MK2R serial device port must be connected with the SteppIR DATA OUT port using a TTL to RS-232 converter and cross-wired (“null modem”) DB9F/DB9M cable. Only three wires are necessary, Serial In to pin 3, Serial Out to pin 2 and pin 5 to pin 5.

  • Page 60: Functions Tab

    The Functions Tab provides a tool for managing the operating modes and defining the audio configuration in each of the eight states. Configuration data can be uploaded to MK2R and saved as a function or it can be saved to an file on the computer. Any single function or all eight functions can be retrieved from MK2R, saved on the computer and modified.
  • Page 61 MK2R with STORE or STORE ALL before they can be used. Once the configuration has been written to MK2R, it can be selected by pressing the appropriate F-key on the MK2R front panel or by selecting the desired function and pressing...

  • Page 62: Mk2R Operation

    Voice (left side) and Digital (right side) functions. For MK2R+ choose USB Voice CODEC at the left side and USB Audio CODEC at the right side. For MK2R select the system name of the sound card connected to SC1 jacks (Voice) in the left side and the system name of the sound card connected to the SC2 jacks (Digital) in the right side and select the proper mixer channel for each function (microphone, line in, wave, etc.).
  • Page 63 25. Press the “Test Signal” button and adjust the R1 Master and R1 Line sliders for the proper (normal) drive level. DO NOT adjust the radio MIC GAIN, the TX1 knob on the MK2R front panel or the RADIO1 trimmer inside MK2R.

  • Page 64: Understanding Transmit (Tx) Focus

    TX focus. In manual mode, MK2R will redirect all CW, FSK, PTT, WinKey and DVK signals to the “active” radio (the radio with transmit focus) even when the signal was assigned to the other radio.

  • Page 65: Understanding Headphone Switching

    The selected sources are indicated by lights above buttons (2) for left ear and (3) for right ear. When SC L (left) or SC R (right) channel of sound card is selected, MK2R will switch the UNUSED sound card to the headphones. The “unused sound card” depends on mode of both radios.
  • Page 66 For proper automatic operation, the desired configuration must be defined for each applicable state. This can be accomplished by using the logging program to place MK2R in each state and manually selecting the headphone inputs for that state or the Functions Tab can be used as a visual editor to create, upload and apply the configuration.

  • Page 67: Using Functions

    S&P on both radios, 40 meter split operation, etc. MK2R has eight memories: F1 - F4 are accessed by pressing a single button and F5 – F8 are accessed by holding + and pressing F1 – F4. These memories are retained in EEPROM when MK2R is turned off. The contests of the memories can be saved to a file on the computer either individually or as a group.

  • Page 68: Understanding Interlocks

    BUSY: is a lockout designed for Serial Devices defined on the ACC tab. When the serial device responds to the MK2R with a "busy" response, MK2R locks out the specified radio. While the serial device is BUSY the BUSY light on MK2R front panel will be lit.

  • Page 69: System Considerations

    LNA/RX antenna switcher to activate. The radio PTT output must be connected to the MK2R PTT IN jack for proper ENABLE generation. INHIBIT IN: When a pin is configured as an inhibit input, an external device can lock out the radio as long as the input is active.

  • Page 70: External Keyboard/Numeric Keypad

    NOTE: The keyboard/Keypad must be PS/2. A USB device with PS/2 adapter will not work properly. MK2R includes the ability to generate FSK or CW, record and play CW, FSK or VOICE messages using a PS/2 keyboard or numeric keypad connected to the PS/2 jack. A numeric key pad is sufficient to record and play CW and DVK messages, control CW speed (WPM) or play a serial number message.
  • Page 71 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved Voice std. key Numeric Keypad mode mode mode start/stop recording of message (recording mode is NUM LOCK indicated by NUM LED) Tune (can be canceled by keys NUM 0 or ESC, or by the NUM * paddle) playback: stop transmitting (message or any characters in...

  • Page 72: Hardware Specifications

    EXT SPEAKER: stereo, 32 ohm load Audio Out: 600 Ohm, 3V p-p max. 3dB bandwidth: 0.2 - 6KHz typical MK2R+ only Second harmonic: -84 dB typical Third harmonic: -72 dB typical D/A Sampling rates: 32000, 44100, 48000 Hz. Audio In: 50K Ohm, max 4Vpp 3dB bandwidth: 0.2 - 6KHz typical...

  • Page 73: Package Contents

    8 - PACKAGE CONTENTS The product includes MK2R™ or MK2R+™, USB cable, LPT cable, six (6) - MK2R or two (2) - MK2R+ stereo audio cables, headphone cable ending with two (2) 6.3mm (1/4”) plugs, two (2) 3.5mm (1/8”) plugs, one (1) coaxial 2.1mm/5.5mm power plug, two (2) RCA to RCA cables, and CD-ROM containing the...

  • Page 74: Declaration Of Conformity

    European Union Declaration of Conformity microHAM, s.r.o. declares that the products: Product Name: MK2R Conforms to the following Product Specifications: EN 55022: 1998 Class B following the provisions of the Electromagnetic...

  • Page 75: Appendix A - Connectors

    microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved APPENDIX A – CONNECTORS RADIO 1, RADIO 2 - DB37 Pin # Label Description No contact RS232 RTS RS232 radio port RTS output RS232 CTS RS232 radio port CTS input IF-FIF iface matrix - used for configuring desired levels for radio control interface IF IN iface matrix - used for configuring desired levels for radio control interface FIF IN...
  • Page 76 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved ACCESSORY - DB25 Pin # Label Description PIN2 Configurable I/O, TTL levels, max 4mA load, RX DATA Serial 2 5V output, max. 100mA load PIN3 Configurable I/O, TTL levels, max 4mA load, TX DATA Serial 2 PIN4 Configurable I/O, TTL levels, max 4mA load, TX DATA Serial 1 PIN5...
  • Page 77 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved iLINK – miniDIN 6 Pin # Label Description DATA I2C Data channel for expansion (TTL) Not connected Connected to system ground and case +5 V +5V output, max.100mA. CLOCK I2C Data Clock (TTL) Reserved – do not use SHELL Connected to system ground and case PAD –...

  • Page 78: Appendix B - Microham Control Protocol

    microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved APPENDIX B – microHAM Control Protocol Introduction This appendix describes the commands in the microHAM Control Protocol that are likely to be useful to users in creating custom commands in loggers that support user defined “scenarios.” The user level commands can be used to control outputs (e.g., the 4 bit value on pins 6-9 (Radio 1) and 10-13 (Radio 2) of the Accessory port) or to perform custom/dynamic headphone switching.
  • Page 79 microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved Function control: This command selects Function 1 – 8 ● SAs<CR> ApplyScenario(scenarioIndex) DVK, CW and FSK messages: These commands control playing and recording of messages. The ● current operating mode (determined from the radio or Router if the radio is not CAT capable) will be used to determine if Voice, CW or FSK messages will be played/recorded.

  • Page 80: Appendix C - Rfi Considerations

    microHAM © 2008 All rights reserved APPENDIX C – RFI Considerations A few guidelines to eliminate problems caused by RFI: 1. Proper grounding of all electronic equipment is critical. A modern station contains many, diverse, types of interconnected and interrelated equipment: transceiver, power amplifier, computer, control boxes, switch boxes, and power supplies.

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Mk2r+

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