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Fire Alarm & Emergency Communication System Limitations
While a life safety system may lower insurance rates, it is not a substitute for life and property insurance!
An automatic fire alarm system—typically made up of smoke
detectors, heat detectors, manual pull stations, audible warning
devices, and a fire alarm control panel (FACP) with remote
notification capability—can provide early warning of a developing
fire. Such a system, however, does not assure protection against
property damage or loss of life resulting from a fire.
An emergency communication system—typically made up of an
automatic fire alarm system (as described above) and a life safety
communication system that may include an autonomous control
unit (ACU), local operating console (LOC), voice communication,
and other various interoperable communication methods—can
broadcast a mass notification message. Such a system, however,
does not assure protection against property damage or loss of life
resulting from a fire or life safety event.
The Manufacturer recommends that smoke and/or heat detectors
be located throughout a protected premises following the
recommendations of the current edition of the National Fire
Protection Association Standard 72 (NFPA 72), manufacturer's
recommendations, State and local codes, and the
recommendations contained in the Guide for Proper Use of System
Smoke Detectors, which is made available at no charge to all
installing dealers. This document can be found at http://
www.systemsensor.com/appguides/. A study by the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (an agency of the United States
government) indicated that smoke detectors may not go off in as
many as 35% of all fires. While fire alarm systems are designed to
provide early warning against fire, they do not guarantee warning or
protection against fire. A fire alarm system may not provide timely or
adequate warning, or simply may not function, for a variety of
reasons:
Smoke detectors may not sense fire where smoke cannot reach
the detectors such as in chimneys, in or behind walls, on roofs, or
on the other side of closed doors. Smoke detectors also may not
sense a fire on another level or floor of a building. A second-floor
detector, for example, may not sense a first-floor or basement fire.
Particles of combustion or "smoke" from a developing fire may
not reach the sensing chambers of smoke detectors because:
•
Barriers such as closed or partially closed doors, walls, chim-
neys, even wet or humid areas may inhibit particle or smoke
flow.
•
Smoke particles may become "cold," stratify, and not reach the
ceiling or upper walls where detectors are located.
•
Smoke particles may be blown away from detectors by air out-
lets, such as air conditioning vents.
•
Smoke particles may be drawn into air returns before reaching
the detector.
The amount of "smoke" present may be insufficient to alarm smoke
detectors. Smoke detectors are designed to alarm at various levels
of smoke density. If such density levels are not created by a
developing fire at the location of detectors, the detectors will not go
into alarm.
Smoke detectors, even when working properly, have sensing
limitations. Detectors that have photoelectronic sensing chambers
tend to detect smoldering fires better than flaming fires, which have
little visible smoke. Detectors that have ionizing-type sensing
chambers tend to detect fast-flaming fires better than smoldering
fires. Because fires develop in different ways and are often
unpredictable in their growth, neither type of detector is necessarily
best and a given type of detector may not provide adequate warning
of a fire.
Smoke detectors cannot be expected to provide adequate warning
of fires caused by arson, children playing with matches (especially
in bedrooms), smoking in bed, and violent explosions (caused by
escaping gas, improper storage of flammable materials, etc.).
Heat detectors do not sense particles of combustion and alarm
only when heat on their sensors increases at a predetermined rate
or reaches a predetermined level. Rate-of-rise heat detectors may
2
year by a qualified fire protection specialist. Heat detectors are
designed to protect property, not life.
IMPORTANT! Smoke detectors must be installed in the same
room as the control panel and in rooms used by the system for the
connection of alarm transmission wiring, communications,
signaling, and/or power. If detectors are not so located, a
developing fire may damage the alarm system, compromising its
ability to report a fire.
Audible warning devices such as bells, horns, strobes,
speakers and displays may not alert people if these devices are
located on the other side of closed or partly open doors or are
located on another floor of a building. Any warning device may fail
to alert people with a disability or those who have recently
consumed drugs, alcohol, or medication. Please note that:
•
An emergency communication system may take priority over a
fire alarm system in the event of a life safety emergency.
•
Voice messaging systems must be designed to meet intelligibility
requirements as defined by NFPA, local codes, and Authorities
Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).
•
Language and instructional requirements must be clearly dis-
seminated on any local displays.
•
Strobes can, under certain circumstances, cause seizures in
people with conditions such as epilepsy.
•
Studies have shown that certain people, even when they hear a
fire alarm signal, do not respond to or comprehend the meaning
of the signal. Audible devices, such as horns and bells, can have
different tonal patterns and frequencies. It is the property
owner's responsibility to conduct fire drills and other training
exercises to make people aware of fire alarm signals and
instruct them on the proper reaction to alarm signals.
•
In rare instances, the sounding of a warning device can cause
temporary or permanent hearing loss.
A life safety system will not operate without any electrical power. If
AC power fails, the system will operate from standby batteries only
for a specified time and only if the batteries have been properly
maintained and replaced regularly.
Equipment used in the system may not be technically compatible
with the control panel. It is essential to use only equipment listed for
service with your control panel.
Alarm Signaling Communications:
•
IP connections rely on available bandwidth, which could be lim-
ited if the network is shared by multiple users or if ISP policies
impose restrictions on the amount of data transmitted. Service
packages must be carefully chosen to ensure that alarm signals
will always have available bandwidth. Outages by the ISP for
maintenance and upgrades may also inhibit alarm signals. For
added protection, a backup cellular connection is recommended.
•
Cellular connections rely on a strong signal. Signal strength
can be adversely affected by the network coverage of the cellu-
lar carrier, objects and structural barriers at the installation loca-
tion. Utilize a cellular carrier that has reliable network coverage
where the alarm system is installed. For added protection, utilize
an external antenna to boost the signal.
•
Telephone lines needed to transmit alarm signals from a prem-
ise to a central monitoring station may be out of service or tem-
porarily disabled. For added protection against telephone line
failure, backup alarm signaling connections are recommended.
The most common cause of life safety system malfunction is
inadequate maintenance. To keep the entire life safety system in
excellent working order, ongoing maintenance is required per the
manufacturer's recommendations, and UL and NFPA standards. At
a minimum, the requirements of NFPA 72 shall be followed.
Environments with large amounts of dust, dirt, or high air velocity
require more frequent maintenance. A maintenance agreement
should be arranged through the local manufacturer's representative.
Maintenance should be scheduled as required by National and/or
local fire codes and should be performed by authorized professional
N16 Instruction Manual P/N LS10239-000NF-E:A 04/20/2021
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