GENERAL ENGINEERING DATA
INTRODUCTION
This section provides engineering data of a general nature. It is reference information applicable to any or all other sections of
the Engineering Manual of Automatic Control.
CONVERSION FORMULAS AND TABLES
GENERAL
The conversion multiplier tables in this section provide
conversion factors. When the existing unit is multiplied by the
conversion factor, the result is the desired unit.
METRIC PREFIXES
Table 1. Metric Prefixes.
Prefix
Symbol
9
giga
G
10
6
mega
M
10
3
kilo
k
10
2
hecto
h
10
1
deca
da
10
–1
deci
d
10
–2
centi
c
10
–3
milli
m
10
–6
micro
10
–9
nano
n
10
EXAMPLES:
14 kilocalories = 14 x 10
3
-3
1 milliliter =1 x 10
liter = 0.001 liter
Pounds
per Sq In.
Existing Unit
(psi)
Pounds per
—
Sq In. (psi)
Kilopascals (kPa)
0.1450
Ounces per Sq In.
0.0625
Millimeters of
0.0193
Mercury
Kilogram-force
14.22
2
per cm
Inches of Water
0.0361
Inches of Mercury
0.4912
Feet of Water
0.4335
Bar
14.5
Absolute Pressure = Gage Pressure + 14.74 psi
= Gage Pressure + 101.325 kPa.
1 pascal = 1 newton per square meter
EXAMPLE:
24 psi x 6.8948 = 165.48 kilopascals
Conversion Factor
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
calories = 14,000 calories
Table 3. Pressure Conversion Multipliers.
Kilo-
Ounces
Millimeters
pascals
per
(kPa)
Sq In.
6.8948
16.0
51.7
—
2.3207
0.4309
—
0.1333
0.3094
98.09
228.0
735.6
0.2491
0.578
3.387
7.86
25.4
2.989
6.928
22.42
100
232.072
750.188
PRESSURE
Table 2 lists converted values for psi to kPa using the 6.8948
factor then rounding off to the nearest whole number.
Table 2. Psi to kPa Conversion.
Psi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Desired Unit
Kilogram-
Inches
of
force
2
Mercury
per cm
0.0703
7.503
0.0102
3.23
0.004395
—
0.00136
—
393.7
1.865
0.00254
0.03453
0.0305
1.0195
401.445
ENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL
466
kPa
Psi
7
16
14
17
21
18
28
19
34
20
41
21
48
22
55
23
62
24
69
25
76
26
83
27
90
28
97
29
103
30
Inches
of
of
Feet of
Water
Mercury
Water
27.68
2.036
2.307
4.014
0.2952
0.3346
1.73
0.127
0.144
0.5354
0.0394
0.04461 0.001333
28.96
32.81
—
0.0735
0.0833
13.60
—
1.133
12.0
0.8826
—
29.525
33.456
kPa
110
117
124
131
138
145
152
159
165
172
179
186
193
200
207
Bar
0.068948
0.01
0.004309
0.9809
0.002491
0.03387
0.02989
—