GE P444 Manuals

Manuals and User Guides for GE P444. We have 1 GE P444 manual available for free PDF download: Technical Manual

GE P444 Technical Manual

GE P444 Technical Manual (623 pages)

Brand: GE | Category: Protection Device | Size: 10.8 MB

Table of Contents

Contents
3
Table of Contents
7
1 Introduction

9
2 Health and Safety

9
3 Symbols and External Labels on the Equipment

10
4 Installing, Commissioning and Servicing

10
- Equipment Connections
  10
5 De-Commissioning and Disposal

13
6 Technical Specifications for Safety

13
- Protective Fuse Rating
  13
- Protective Class
  13
- Installation Category
  14
- Environment
  14
  - Introduction to Micom Guides
    19
- Contents
  19
  - Introduction to Micom
    21
  - Product Scope
    22
    
    Application Overview
    24
    
    Communication Protocol Options
    24
    
    Functional Diagram
    24
    
    Rating Options
    24
  - Ordering Options
    25
    
    Technical Data
    29
    
    Power Supply
    31
    
    Ratings
    31
    
    Environmental Conditions
    32
    
    Output Contacts
    32
    
    Type Tests
    32
    
    Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
    33
    
    Cyber Security
    34
    
    Mechanical Robustness
    34
    
    Timing and Accuracy
    35
    
    Distance Protection
    39
    
    Global Settings (System Data)
    39
    
    Settings, Measurements and Records List
    39
    
    Directional and Non Directional Overcurrent Protection
    41
    
    Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection
    41
    
    Power Swing Detection and Blocking
    41
    
    Broken Conductor Detection
    42
    
    Directional and Non-Directional Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
    42
    
    Maximum of Residual Power – Zero Sequence Power
    42
    
    Aided Directional Earth Fault (Def) Overvoltage Protection
    43
    
    Residual Overvoltage
    43
    
    Thermal Overload
    43
    
    Undercurrent Protection
    43
    
    Dnp3.0
    45
    
    Getting Started
    49
  - Front Panel
    53
  - Getting Started
    53
  - Introduction to the Relay
    53
  - User Interfaces and Menu Structure
    53
    
    Function Key Functionality
    54
    
    Hotkey Functionality
    54
  - Relay Rear Panel
    54
    
    Under the Top Hinged Cover
    54
    
    P442 Relay Rear View (60 te Case)
    55
    
    P444 Relay Rear View (80 te Case)
    55
  - Introduction to the User Interfaces and Settings Options
    56
  - Relay Connection and Power-Up
    56
  - Menu Structure
    57
  - Control and Support Settings
    58
  - Disturbance Recorder Settings
    58
  - Password Protection
    58
  - Protection Settings
    58
  - Level of Access: Relays with Cyber Security Features
    60
  - Relay Configuration
    60
  - Front Panel User Interface (Keypad and LCD)
    61
  - Default Display and Menu Time-Out
    62
    
    NERC Compliant Banner (Relays with Cyber Security Features)
    62
    
    Default Display Navigation
    63
  - Menu Navigation and Setting Browsing
    63
    
    CB Control
    64
    
    Control Inputs – User Assignable Functions
    64
  - Hotkey Menu Navigation
    64
  - Setting Group Selection
    64
  - Password Entry
    65
    
    Relays with Cyber Security
    65
    
    Standard Relays
    65
  - Reading and Clearing of Alarm Messages and Fault Records
    66
  - Setting Changes
    66
  - Front Communication Port User Interface
    67
  - Front Port Connection
    67
  - Getting Started
    68
  - Introduction to the Settings Application Software
    68
    
    PC – Relay Signal Connection
    68
    
    Download Data Models
    69
    
    Quick System Guide
    69
    
    Connect to an IED Front Port
    70
    
    Connect to an IED in a System
    70
    
    Send Settings to a Device
    70
    
    Set up a System
    70
  - DNP3 Configurator
    71
    
    Extract a Disturbance Record from a Device
    71
    
    Extract an Event File from a Device
    71
  - IEC 61850 Configurator
    71
  - PSL Editor
    71
  - S&R Courier
    71
  - Aedr2
    72
  - Device (Menu) Text Editor
    72
  - Wavewin
    72
  - Winaedr2
    72
  - 1.10.10 Event Viewer
    73
  - Relay Setting Configuration (“System Data” Column)
    79
  - Settings
    79
  - Configuration Column (“Configuration” Menu)
    81
  - Alternative Setting Groups
    84
  - Single-Bus Installations with a Transfer Bus
    84
  - Selection of Setting Groups
    85
  - Distance Zone Settings (“Distance” Menu)
    87
  - Protection Functions
    87
    
    Distance Protection Schemes (“Distance Scheme” Menu)
    91
    
    Distance Schemes
    92
    
    Power Swing Detection and Blocking (PSB) (“Power Swing” Menu)
    95
  - Directional and Non-Directional Overcurrent Protection ("Back-Up I>" Menu)
    97
    
    Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection (“NEG Sequence O/C” Menu)
    98
    
    Neg Sequence O/C
    99
  - Maximum of Residual Power Protection - Zero Sequence Power Protection ("Zero Seq Power" Menu)
    101
  - Broken Conductor Detection
    102
  - Directional and Non-Directional Earth Fault Protection ("Earth Fault O/C" Menu)
    102
  - Aided Directional Earth Fault (DEF) Protection Schemes ("Aided D.E.F" Menu)
    105
  - Thermal Overload ("Thermal Overload" Menu)
    105
  - Residual Overvoltage (Neutral Displacement) Protection ("Residual Overvoltage" Menu)
    106
  - Undercurrent Protection
    107
  - Undercurrent Protection ("I< Protection" Menu)
    107
  - Undervoltage Protection
    107
  - Voltage Protection ("Volt Protection" Menu)
    107
  - Overvoltage Protection
    108
  - Frequency Protection ("Freq Protection" Menu)
    110
  - Underfrequency Protection
    110
  - Circuit Breaker Fail Protection (CBF) ("CB Fail & I<" Menu)
    111
  - Overfrequency Protection
    111
  - Circuit Breaker Condition Monitoring ("CB Condition" and "CB Monitor Setup" Menus)39
    113
  - Non-Protection Functions
    113
  - CB Condition Monitoring
    114
  - Circuit Breaker Control (“CB Control” Menu)
    115
  - CT and VT Ratio
    117
    
    “Record Control” Column
    118
    
    Disturbance Recorder (“Disturb Recorder” Menu)
    119
    
    Measurements (“Measure’t Setup” Column)
    121
  - Communications Settings for Courier Protocol
    122
  - “Communications” Column
    122
  - Communication Settings for IEC 60870-5-103
    123
  - Communication Settings for Modbus Protocol
    124
  - Communication Settings for DNP3.0 Protocol
    125
  - Communications for Ethernet Port - IEC 61850 Protocol
    126
    
    Rear Port 2 Connection Settings
    128
    
    “Commissioning Tests” Column
    129
    
    Opto Inputs Configuration (“Universal Input” Menu)
    131
  - HOTKEYS / Control Inputs ("Control Input", "Ctrl I/P Config" and "Ctrl I/P Label" Menus)
    132
  - Intermicom Communication Channel
    133
  - Intermicom Teleprotection (P442/P444 Only, "Intermicom Comms" and "Intermicom Conf" Menus)
    133
  - Intermicom Configuration
    135
  - Programmable Function Keys and Tricolour Leds ("Function Key" Menu)
    136
  - Ethernet NCIT (IEC 61850-9-2 Etherne Board Option Only)
    137
    
    “IED Configurator” Column (P442 / P444 Only)
    138
    
    Supervision (“Supervision” Menu)
    139
    
    Check Synchronisation (“System Check” Menu)
    140
    
    Autorecloser (“Autoreclose” Menu)
    141
  - Security Configuration ("SECURITY CONFIG" Menu, if Option Avalable)
    144
  - PSL Timers" Configuration
    145
  - How to Use the PSL Editor
    146
  - Programmable Scheme Logic Default Settings
    146
  - Logic Input Mapping
    147
  - Relay Output Contact Mapping
    148
  - Fault Recorder Trigger
    151
  - Programmable LED Output Mapping
    151
  - CT Knee Point Voltage for Earth Fault Distance Protection
    152
  - CT Knee Point Voltage for Phase Fault Distance Protection
    152
  - Current Transformer Requirements
    152
  - Determining Vk for an IEEE "C" Class CT
    152
  - Recommended CT Classes (British and IEC)
    152
  - Introduction
    159
  - Micom Distance Relay
    159
  - Protection Features
    159
  - Protection of Overhead Lines and Cable Circuits
    159
  - Non-Protection Features
    160
  - Additional Features for the P442 Relay Model
    161
  - Additional Features for the P444 Relay Model
    162
  - Explanation about Specific Symbols Used in the Logic Diagrams
    162
  - Distance Algorithms
    163
  - Distance and Fault Resistance Estimation
    163
  - Distance and Resistance Measurement
    163
  - Phase-To-Earth Loop Impedance
    165
  - Impedance Measurement Algorithms Work with Instantaneous Values (Current and Voltage).14
    166
  - Phase-To-Phase Loop Impedance
    166
    
    "Delta" Algorithm
    167
    
    Detection of the Fault
    167
    
    Establishing the Fault Direction
    167
  - Fault Modelling
    168
    
    Network Status Monitoring
    168
    
    Phase Selection
    168
    
    Prefault and Fault Inception Value
    168
  - Detecting a Transition
    169
    
    Transition Detection
    169
    
    Example: Isolated AC Fault
    170
    
    Confirmation
    172
    
    Directional Decision
    172
    
    Directional Determination Using Superimposed Values
    172
    
    "Conventional" Algorithms
    174
  - Confirmation
    174
  - Deltas Algorithms
    174
  - Directional Decision
    174
  - Phase Selection
    174
  - Convergence Analysis
    175
    
    Start-Up Characteristic
    175
    
    Impedance Phase Selection
    176
  - Directional Decision
    177
  - Directional Decision During SOTF-TOR (Switch on to Fault/Trip on Reclose)
    177
  - Faulted Zone Decision
    178
    
    Single-Phase Fault
    178
    
    Two-Phase or Three-Phase Fault
    178
  - DDB Inputs / Outputs for General Trip Logic
    179
  - Tripping Logic
    179
  - Logic Diagram
    180
  - Fault Locator
    181
  - Line Model Selection
    182
  - Processing Algorithms
    182
  - Selecting the Fault Location Data
    182
  - Double Circuit Lines
    183
    
    Protection against Current Reversal (Transient Blocking)
    183
    
    Direction Reversal from Sequential Clearing of Parallel Lines
    184
  - Distance Protection and Distance Scheme Functions
    185
  - Fault Distance Characteristics (“Distance Elements” Menu Setting)
    186
  - Line Setting
    186
  - Main Protection Principle
    186
  - Zone Setting
    186
    
    Zone Setting – Zone Status
    187
    
    Phase/Ground Fault Quadrilateral Characteristics
    188
    
    Zone 1 Extension Scheme
    189
    
    Effect of Mutual Coupling on Zone 1 Setting
    190
    
    Effects of Mutual Coupling on Distance Settings
    190
    
    Zone 1 Reach Considerations
    191
    
    KZ0 Calculation Description
    192
    
    Mutual Coupling Example - Zone 2 Reach Considerations
    192
    
    Resistive Reach Calculation – Phase Fault Element
    193
    
    Zone Setting – Resistive Reach Calculation
    193
    
    Zone Setting – Z
    193
    
    Resistive Reach Calculation – Earth Fault Element
    195
    
    Resistive Reaches for Load Avoidance
    195
  - Fault Locator
    196
  - Zone Setting – Zone Time Delay
    196
  - Channel Aided Distance Schemes
    198
  - Standard Mode: Basic
    198
  - Standard Scheme
    198
    
    Logic Diagram for the Basic Scheme
    199
    
    Main Protection in the Basic Scheme
    199
    
    Permissive Underreach Protection, Accelerating Zone 2 (PUP Z2)
    200
    
    Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip Schemes PUP Z2 and PUP Fwd
    200
    
    Permissive Underreach Protection Tripping Via Forward Start (PUP Fwd)
    201
    
    Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip Schemes POP Z2 and POP Z1
    202
    
    PUP Fwd Permissive Underreach Scheme
    202
    
    Logic Diagram for the POP Z2 Scheme
    203
    
    Main Protection in the POP Z2 Scheme
    203
    
    Permissive Overreach Protection with Overreaching Zone 1 (POP Z1)
    203
    
    Logic Diagram for the POP Z1 Scheme
    204
    
    Main Protection in the POP Z1 Scheme
    204
    
    Blocking Overreach Protection with Overreaching Zone 1 (BOP Z1)
    205
    
    Blocking Schemes BOP Z2 and BOP Z1
    205
    
    Blocking Overreach Protection with Overreaching Zone 2 (BOP Z2)
    206
    
    Logic Diagram for the BOP Z1 Scheme
    206
    
    Main Protection in the BOP Z1 Scheme
    206
    
    Logic Diagram for the BOP Z2 Scheme
    207
    
    Main Protection in the BOP Z2 Scheme
    207
  - Carrier Send Zone (Open Scheme)
    208
  - Carrier Send Zones in Open Schemes
    208
  - Trip Mode
    208
  - Current Reversal Guard Logic
    209
  - Current Reversal in Double Circuit Lines
    209
  - Distance Carrier Received (Dist CR)
    209
    
    Permissive Overreach Schemes Current Reversal Guard
    209
    
    Blocking Scheme Current Reversal Guard
    210
  - Unblocking Logic (Permissive Scheme)
    210
    
    Logic for the Loss of Guard Function
    211
    
    Loss of Guard Logic
    211
    
    Loss of Guard Mode
    211
    
    Logic for the Loss of Carrier Function
    212
    
    Loss of Carrier
    212
    
    Initiating TOR-SOTF Protection
    213
    
    Setting Guidelines
    213
  - Trip on Reclose (TOR) / Switch on to Fault (SOTF) Modes
    213
    
    SOTF-TOR Activation Logic
    214
    
    TOR-SOTF Trip Logic
    216
    
    SOTF Trip Logic Results
    217
    
    TOR Trip Logic Results
    217
    
    Inputs /Outputs in TOR / SOTF Logic
    218
    
    Switch on to Fault by Level Detectors
    218
  - Permissive Overreach Schemes Weak Infeed (WI) Features
    219
  - Zone 1 Ext. on Channel Fail
    219
    
    Weak Infeed Activation
    220
    
    Weak Infeed Echo
    220
    
    Weak Infeed Tripping
    220
    
    Weak Infeed Phase Selection Logic
    221
    
    Weak Infeed Trip Decision Logic
    221
  - Loss of Load (Lol)
    222
  - Loss of Load Accelerated Tripping (Lol)
    222
  - Weak Infeed Trip Logic
    222
  - Distance Protection Setting Example
    223
  - Other Protection Considerations - Settings Example
    223
  - Power Swing
    223
    
    Line Impedance
    224
    
    Relay Settings
    224
    
    System Data
    224
    
    Zone 1 Phase Reach Settings
    224
    
    Zone 2 Phase Reach Settings
    225
    
    Zone 3 Phase Reach Settings
    225
    
    Zone 4 Reverse Settings with no Weak Infeed Logic Selected
    225
    
    Zone 4 Reverse Settings with Weak Infeed Logic Selected
    225
    
    Power Swing Band
    226
    
    Resistive Reach Calculations
    226
    
    Apparent Impedance
    227
    
    Current Reversal Guard
    227
    
    Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection
    227
  - Teed Feeder Protection
    227
    
    Permissive Overreach Schemes
    228
    
    Permissive Underreach Schemes
    228
    
    Teed Feeder Application - Apparent Impedances Seen by Relay
    228
    
    Blocking Schemes
    229
    
    Teed Feeder Applications
    229
  - Blocking / Unblocking Logic
    230
  - Distance Protection Logic
    230
    
    MIMIC Diagram
    230
    
    Logic of the Distance Protection by Zones
    231
    
    Unblocking / Blocking Logic with Power Swing or Reversal Guard
    232
  - Channel Aided Distance Scheme Logic
    234
    
    Zone 1 Extended
    234
    
    Loss of Load Trip Logic
    235
  - Distance Trip Equation
    236
  - Trip Logic and Zone 1 Extension Logic
    236
  - Application of Individual Protection Functions
    238
  - Biphase Power Swing Characteristic
    238
  - Power Swing Detection and Blocking (PSB)
    238
    
    Conditions for Isolating Lines
    239
    
    Line in One Pole Open Condition (During Single-Pole Trip)
    239
    
    Power Swing Inside the Load Blinder Area
    239
    
    Selective Protection Blocking
    239
  - Biphase Loop
    240
  - Power Swing Blocking
    240
  - Stable Swing and out of Step
    240
    
    Negative Sequence Current
    241
    
    Phase Current Threshold
    241
  - Power Swing Unblocking (Unblocking of the Relay for Faults During Power Swing)
    241
    
    Residual Current
    241
    
    Power Swing Detection and Blocking Logic
    242
    
    What Loop Is Faulty?
    242
    
    Load Blinder Characteristics
    244
  - Load Blinding (Load Avoidance)
    244
  - Load Blinder Setting
    245
  - Application of Timer Hold Facility
    246
  - Directional and Non-Directional Overcurrent Protection
    246
  - Inverse Time Characteristics
    246
  - Directional Overcurrent Protection
    247
  - Setting Guidelines
    247
  - Time Delay VTS
    247
    
    Current and Time Delay Settings for the I>3 Element
    248
    
    Highset Overcurrent and Switch on to Fault Protection
    248
    
    Stub Bus Protection
    248
    
    Tripping Logic for Phase Overcurrent Protection
    248
  - Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection
    249
  - Setting Guidelines
    249
  - Directionalising the Negative Phase Sequence Overcurrent Element
    250
  - Maximum of Residual Power Protection - Zero Sequence Power Protection ("Zero Seq Power" Menu)
    250
  - Zero Sequence Decreasing Along the Line
    250
  - Broken Conductor Detection
    251
  - Directional and Non-Directional Earth Fault Protection
    253
  - SBEF Calculation & Logic
    253
  - Application of Zero Sequence Polarising
    254
  - Directional Earth Fault Protection (DEF)
    254
  - Logic Without Directionality
    254
  - Aided Directional Earth Fault (DEF)
    255
  - Application of Negative Sequence Polarising
    255
  - DEF Protection against High Resistance Earth Faults
    255
  - High Resistance Earth Fault Detection
    255
  - Aided Directional Earth Fault (DEF) Protection Schemes
    257
  - Directional Comparison Protection Blocking Scheme
    257
  - SBEF – Stand-By Earth Fault (Not Communication-Aided)
    257
  - DEF Calculation
    258
  - Polarising the Directional Decision
    258
  - PSL Required to Activate DEF Logic with an Independant Channel
    258
  - PSL Required to Activate DEF Logic with Shared Channel
    258
  - Aided DEF Permissive Overreach Scheme
    259
  - Aided DEF Schemes
    259
  - Independent Channel – Permissive Scheme
    259
  - Shared Channel – Permissive Scheme
    259
  - Aided DEF Blocking Scheme
    260
  - Independent Channel – Blocking Scheme
    260
  - The DEF Permissive Scheme
    260
  - Shared Channel – Blocking Scheme
    261
  - The DEF Blocking Scheme
    261
  - Logic Diagram for the DEF Blocking Scheme
    262
  - Dual Time Constant Characteristic
    263
  - Single Time Constant Characteristic
    263
  - Time Constant Characteristic
    263
  - Residual Overvoltage Protection
    264
  - Residual Voltage, Solidly Earthed System
    265
  - Residual Voltage, Resistance Earthed System
    266
  - Frequency Protection
    267
  - Underfrequency Protection
    267
  - Voltage Protection
    267
  - Circuit Breaker Fail Protection
    268
  - Overfrequency Protection
    268
  - Breaker Fail Timer Settings
    269
  - Breaker Fail Undercurrent Settings
    269
  - Breaker Failure Protection Configurations
    269
  - Typical Settings
    269
  - CB Fail General Logic
    270
  - Reset Mechanisms for Breaker Fail Time-Delays
    271
  - Algorithm for Pole Dead Detection
    272
  - Description of the Open Pole Detection Algorithm
    272
  - Circuit Breaker Condition Monitoring
    273
  - Non Protection Functions
    273
  - Lockout Reset
    274
  - Setting the Excessive Fault Frequency Thresholds
    274
  - Setting the Number of Operations Thresholds
    274
  - Setting the Operating Time Thresholds
    274
  - Circuit Breaker Control
    276
  - Remote Control of Circuit Breaker
    276
  - CB Fail to Trip or to Close
    277
  - Status of CB Is Incorrect CBA3P
    277
  - Logic Inputs / Outputs Used by the CB Control Logic
    278
  - CT and VT Ratio
    279
  - CT Ratios
    279
  - General CB Control Logic
    279
  - General Circuit Breaker Control Logic
    279
  - VT Ratios
    280
  - Control I/P Configuration
    281
  - Control I/P Labels
    281
  - Protection Signalling
    281
  - Unit Protection Schemes
    281
  - Communications Media
    282
  - Pictorial Comparison of Operating Modes
    282
  - General Features & Implementation
    283
  - Physical Connections
    283
  - Direct Connection
    284
  - Direct Connection Within the Local Substation
    284
  - Intermicom Teleprotection Via a MODEM Link
    284
  - Modem Connection
    284
  - Functional Assignment
    285
  - Intermicom Settings
    285
  - Intermicom Loopback Testing & Diagnostics
    286
  - Intermicom Statistics & Diagnostics
    286
  - Recommended Frame Synchronism Time Settings
    286
  - Connections for External Loopback Mode
    287
  - Programmable Function Keys/Tricolour Leds (“Function Key” Menu)
    287
  - DDB ‘LED 1 Red’
    288
  - DDB: ‘Fnkey LED 1 Red’
    288
  - DDB: ‘Function Key’ (See P44X/En PL)
    288
  - Supervision
    288
  - Loss of One or Two Phase Voltages
    289
  - VTS Description
    289
  - Loss of All Three Phase Voltages under Load Conditions
    290
  - Zero Sequence VTS Element
    290
  - Absence of Three Phase Voltages on Line Energisation
    291
  - Internal Logic of the VT Failure Detection
    291
  - Line Energisation – Superimposed Current under Fault Condition
    291
  - Fuse Failure Alarm Reset
    292
  - VTS Logic
    292
  - Current Transformer Supervision (CTS)
    293
  - INPUT / OUTPUT Ddbs Used in the PSL
    293
  - Setting the CT Supervision Element
    293
  - The CT Supervision Feature
    293
  - Basic CVT Supervision Diagram
    294
  - Capacitive Voltage Transformers Supervision (CVTS)
    294
  - Check Synchronisation
    294
  - OUTPUT DDB Used in the PSL
    294
  - Live Busbar and Dead Line
    295
  - Check Synchronism Settings
    296
  - Dead Busbar and Dead Line
    296
  - Dead Busbar and Live Line
    296
  - Frequency Calculation
    297
  - Calculation of Diff. Phase
    298
  - Leading Vline Phase
    298
  - Trailing Vline Phase
    298
  - Check Sync Psl Logic
    299
  - Ddbs from Check Synchronism Function Used in the PSL
    299
  - Internal Check Synchronism and Internal Autoreclose Logic
    301
  - Logic with External Autoreclose
    301
  - Logic with External Synchronisation Check
    301
  - Autorecloser
    302
  - Autoreclose Cycle – General Description
    303
  - Autoreclose Timing Diagram
    303
  - Successive Autoreclose Cycles
    303
  - Number of Shot (Trip Mode Cells) Setting
    304
  - Reclosing Scheme for Single Phase Trips
    304
  - De-Ionising Time
    305
  - Dead-Time Setting
    305
  - Example Minimum Dead Time Calculation
    305
  - Minimum Fault Arc De-Ionising Time
    305
  - Discrimination Time Setting
    306
  - Reclaim Time
    306
  - Autoreclose Inhibit Window
    307
  - Fault During an Autoreclose 1P Cycle
    307
  - Fault During an Autoreclose Cycle During
    307
  - Autoreclose Inhibit Window Logic
    308
  - Block Autoreclose
    308
  - Check Synchronism on 3-Pole Reclosure
    308
  - Block Autoreclose Logic
    309
  - Autoreclose Force Sync
    310
  - CB Discrepancy
    310
  - Check Sync Signal will be Forced at the End of Dead Time
    310
  - No Pick-Up at the End of the Dead Time
    310
  - Logic Inputs / Outputs Used by the Autoreclose Logic
    311
  - Logic Outputs Generated by the Autoreclose Logic
    311
  - Autoreclose Activation
    312
  - Logic Diagrams
    312
  - Logic for Reclaim Time /A/R Close / A/R Fail and A/R Force Sync
    312
  - SPAR, TPAR and AR Activation
    312
  - AR Lockout by Number of Shots
    313
  - Internal Logic of AR Lockout
    313
  - 3-Pole AR in Progress
    314
  - A/R 1 Pole in Progress and A/R Discrim Logic
    314
  - AR Logic for 3P Trip Decision
    315
  - Circuit Breaker State Monitoring
    315
  - Circuit Breaker State Monitoring Features
    315
  - Output Dealayed Autoreclose
    315
  - Different Opto Inputs / CB Aux Schemes
    316
  - DDB Inputs / Outputs for CB Logic
    318
  - Logic CBAUX Scheme
    319
  - Programmable Logic
    321
  - Description of P442 and P444 Logic Nodes
    325
  - Programmable Logic (Psl)
    325
  - Sorted by DDB Number
    325
  - Factory Default Programmable Scheme Logic
    376
  - Time-Delay Definition in Psl
    378
  - Default Programmable Scheme Logic (Psl)
    382
  - Measurements and Recording
    387
  - Event and Fault Recorder
    391
  - Event Recorder (“View Records” Menu)
    391
  - Change of State of Opto-Isolated Inputs.
    393
  - Types of Event
    393
  - Change of State of One or more Output Relay Contacts
    394
  - Relay Alarm Conditions
    394
  - Fault Records
    395
  - General Events
    395
  - Maintenance Reports
    395
  - Protection Element Starts and Trips
    395
  - Resetting of Event / Fault Records
    396
  - Viewing Event Records Via Micom S1 Agile Support Software
    396
  - Measured Currents
    400
  - Measurements
    400
  - Sequence Voltages and Currents
    400
  - Firmware Design
    403
  - Hardware Overview
    407
  - Main Processor Board
    407
  - Power Supply Module
    407
  - Relay System Overview
    407
  - Relay Modules and Information Flow
    408
  - 9-2 Ethernet Board (Optional)
    409
  - Ethernet or Redundant Ethernet Board (Optional)
    409
  - Real-Time Operating System
    409
  - Second Rear Comms and Intermicom Board (Optional)
    409
  - Disturbance Recorder
    410
  - Platform Software
    410
  - Protection & Control Software
    410
  - Co-Processor Board
    411
  - Hardware Modules
    411
  - Internal Communication Buses
    411
  - Processor Board
    411
  - Input Board
    412
  - Input Module
    412
  - Transformer Board
    412
  - Universal Opto Isolated Logic Inputs
    412
  - Main Input Board
    413
  - Opto Inputs Threshold Levels
    414
  - Power Supply Board (Including RS485 Communication Interface)
    414
  - Power Supply Module (Including Output Relays)
    414
  - Power Supply Options
    414
  - IRIG-B Board (P442 and P444 Only)
    415
  - Output Relay Board (High Speed / High Break – Option)
    415
  - Output Relay Board (Standard)
    415
  - 2Nd Rear Communications Board
    416
  - Ethernet and Redundant Boards
    416
  - Mechanical Layout
    417
  - Relay Software
    418
  - Relay Software Structure
    418
  - System Services Software
    418
  - Database Interface
    419
  - Protection and Control Software
    419
  - Record Logging
    419
  - Settings Database
    419
  - Overview - Protection and Control Scheduling
    420
  - Signal Acquisition and Processing
    420
  - Signal Processing
    420
  - Event and Fault Recording
    421
  - Programmable Scheme Logic
    421
  - Initialisation Software
    422
  - Self Testing & Diagnostics
    422
  - System Boot
    422
  - Continuous Self-Testing
    423
  - Platform Software Initialisation & Monitoring
    423
  - Commissioning
    425
  - Equipment Required for Commissioning
    431
  - Minimum Equipment Required
    431
  - Optional Equipment
    431
  - Product Checks
    432
  - With the Relay De-Energised
    432
  - Current Transformer Shorting Contacts
    433
  - Rear Terminal Blocks on Size 60TE Case
    433
  - Rear Terminal Blocks on Size 80TE Case
    433
  - Visual Inspection
    433
  - Current Transformer Shorting Contact Locations
    434
  - External Wiring
    434
  - Insulation
    434
  - Location of Securing Screws for Terminal Blocks
    434
  - Auxiliary Supply
    435
  - Operational Range of Auxiliary Supply
    435
  - Watchdog Contacts
    435
  - With the Relay Energised
    435
  - Date and Time
    436
  - With an IRIG-B Signal
    436
  - Without an IRIG-B Signal
    436
  - Field Voltage Supply
    437
  - Input Opto-Isolators
    437
  - Opto-Isolated Input Terminals
    438
  - Output Relays
    438
  - Courier Communications
    440
  - Rear Communications Port
    440
  - Relay Output Terminals and Test Pattern Settings
    440
  - RS485 Terminals
    440
  - Current Inputs
    441
  - IEC 60870-5-103 (VDEW) Communications
    441
  - Modbus Communications
    441
  - CT Ratio Settings
    442
  - Voltage Input Terminals
    442
  - Voltage Inputs
    442
  - VT Ratio Settings
    442
  - Apply Application-Specific Settings
    443
  - Check Application-Specific Settings
    443
  - Demonstrate Correct Distance Function Operation
    444
  - Functional Tests: Start Control & Distance Characteristic Limits
    444
  - Measurements Check
    444
  - Measurement 1/LCD Menu
    446
  - Characteristic Point Determination
    449
  - Default Simulation Principle
    449
  - To Simulate a Single-Phase Fault
    449
  - Example of Z-Graph Screen (Rio Format Can be Created as Well)
    450
  - Single Characteristic with P Forward Zone
    451
  - Zones Coverage
    451
  - To Simulate a Two-Phase Fault
    452
  - Check and Test of the Starting Characteristics
    454
  - Control of Single-Phase Fault Characteristic
    454
  - LCD Menu for a Control of an Input/Output / Monitor Bits Check
    455
  - Control
    459
  - Distance Scheme Test (if Activated in Micom S1 Agile)
    459
  - Loss of Guard/Loss of Carrier Test
    460
  - Weak Infeed Mode Test
    460
  - Protection Operation During Fuse Failure
    461
  - Relay Blocking
    461
  - Relay Unblocking
    461
  - Connect the Test Circuit
    462
  - Demonstrate Correct Overcurrent Function Operation
    462
  - Signal Repercussions
    462
  - Check the Operating Time
    463
  - Check Trip and Auto-Reclose Cycle
    463
  - Perform the Test
    463
  - Measured Voltages and VT Ratio Settings
    465
  - On-Load Checks
    465
  - Voltage Connections
    465
  - Current Connections
    466
  - Final Checks
    467
  - Maintenance
    469
  - Alarms
    473
  - Maintenance Checks
    473
  - Maintenance Period
    473
  - Opto-Isolators
    473
  - Location of Securing Screws for Terminal Block
    474
  - Method of Repair
    474
  - Replacing the Complete Relay
    474
  - Replacing a PCB
    475
  - P44X Pcb/Module Locations (Viewed from Front)
    476
  - Front Panel Assembly
    478
  - Replacement of the Main Processor Board
    478
  - Location of Securing Screws for Optional Boards
    479
  - Typical IRIG-B Board
    479
  - Location of Securing Screws for Input Module
    480
  - Replacement of the Input Module
    480
  - Replacement of the Power Supply Board
    481
  - Typical Power Supply Board
    481
  - Replacement of the Extra Relay Board (P442 and P444 Only)
    482
  - Replacement of the Relay Board in the Power Supply Module
    482
  - Typical Relay Board
    482
  - Replacement of the Opto and Separate Relay Boards
    483
  - Typical Opto Board
    483
  - Changing the Battery
    484
  - Instructions for Replacing the Battery
    484
  - Recalibration
    484
  - Battery Disposal
    485
  - Post Modification Tests
    485
  - Troubleshooting
    487
  - Initial Problem Identification
    492
  - Power up Errors
    493
  - Error Message/Code on Power-Up
    494
  - Error Code During Operation
    496
  - Failure of Opto-Isolated Inputs
    498
  - Failure of Output Contacts
    498
  - Mal-Operation of the Relay During Testing
    498
  - Diagram Reconstruction after Recover from Relay
    499
  - Incorrect Analog Signals
    499
  - PSL Editor Troubleshooting
    499
  - PSL Version Check
    499
  - Scada Communications
    501
  - Bus Termination
    507
  - EIA(RS)485 Bus
    507
  - Rear Communication Port EIA(RS)485 Interface
    507
  - Biasing
    508
  - Bus Connections & Topologies
    508
  - Figure 1: EIA(RS)485 Bus Connection Arrangements
    508
  - Courier Communication
    509
  - Remote Communication Connection Arrangements
    510
  - MODBUS Communication
    511
  - DNP3.0 Communication
    512
  - IEC 60870-5 CS 103 Communication
    512
  - Second Rear Communication Port (SK4)
    512
  - Ethernet Communication
    513
  - Hot-Standby Ethernet Failover
    513
  - Hot-Standby Ethernet Failover Settings
    513
  - Legacy Protocols
    513
  - Or Working Online
    514
  - Working Offline
    514
  - Courier Interface
    515
  - Courier Protocol
    515
  - Low Level Commands
    515
  - Supported Command Set
    515
  - Relay Courier Database
    516
  - Automatic Event Extraction
    517
  - Event Extraction
    517
  - Setting Transfer Mode
    517
  - Event Format
    518
  - Event Types
    518
  - Manual Event Record Extraction
    518
  - Disturbance Record Extraction
    519
  - Programmable Scheme Logic Settings
    519
  - Communication Link
    520
  - MODBUS Functions
    520
  - Modbus Interface
    520
  - Response Codes
    520
  - Manual Selection
    521
  - Register Mapping
    521
  - Automatic Extraction
    522
  - Record Data
    522
  - Extraction Mechanism
    523
  - Interface Registers
    523
  - Extraction Procedure
    524
  - Manual Extraction Procedure
    524
  - Automatic Extraction Procedure
    525
- Figure 3: Manual Selection of a Disturbance Record
  525
- Figure 4: Automatic Selection of a Disturbance - Option
  526
- Figure 5: Automatic Selection of a Disturbance - Option
  527
- Extracting the Disturbance Data
  528
  - Figure 6: Extracting the Comtrade Configuration File
    528
  - Figure 7: Extracting the Comtrade Binary Data File
    529
  - Protection and Disturbance Recorder Settings
    530
  - Date and Time Format (Data Type G12)
    531
  - G12 Date & Time Data Type Structure
    531
  - Data Type G29
    532
  - Power & Energy Measurement Data Formats (G29 & G125)
    532
  - Data Type G125
    533
  - Iec 60870-5-103 Interface
    534
  - Initialization
    534
  - Physical Connection and Link Layer
    534
  - Time Synchronization
    534
  - Cyclic Measurements
    535
  - General Interrogation
    535
  - Spontaneous Events
    535
  - Test Mode
    535
  - Dnp3.0 Interface
    536
  - DNP3.0 Menu Setting
    536
  - DNP3.0 Protocol
    536
  - Object 1 Binary Inputs
    536
  - DNP3.0 Configuration Using Micom S1 Agile
    537
  - Object 20 Binary Counters
    537
  - Object 30 Analog Input
    537
  - Iec 61850 Ethernet Interface
    539
  - Interoperability
    539
  - The Data Model
    539
  - What Is IEC 61850?
    539
  - Capability
    540
  - IEC 61850 in Micom Relays
    540
  - Configuration Banks
    541
  - IEC 61850 Configuration
    541
  - Network Connectivity
    541
  - Peer-To-Peer (GSE) Communications
    542
  - Scope
    542
  - The Communication Services of Micom Relays
    542
  - The Data Model of Micom Relays
    542
  - Ethernet Disconnection
    543
  - Ethernet Functionality
    543
  - IEC 61850 GOOSE Configuration
    543
  - Loss of Power
    543
  - Symbols and Glossary
    545
  - Logic Symbols Used
    547
  - Logic Timers
    554
  - Logic Gates
    556
  - Installation
    559
  - Receipt of Relays
    563
  - Handling of Electronic Equipment
    564
  - Storage
    565
  - Unpacking
    566
  - Location of Battery Isolation Strip
    567
  - Relay Mounting
    567
  - Rack Mounting
    568
  - Rack Mounting of Relays
    568
  - Blanking Plates
    569
  - Panel Mounting
    569
  - IP52 Sealing Rings
    570
  - M4 90° Crimp Ring Terminals
    571
  - Medium and Heavy Duty Terminal Block Connections
    571
  - Relay Wiring
    571
  - RS485 Port
    571
  - Download/Monitor Port
    572
  - Earth Connection
    572
  - IRIG-B Connections (if Applicable)
    572
  - RS232 Port
    572
  - Micom P442 – Rear View
    573
  - MICOM P442 with Standard Contacts - Wiring Diagram
    574
  - Micom P444 – HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
    579
  - Micom P444 – Rear View
    580
  - MICOM P444 with Standard Contacts - Wiring Diagram
    581
  - The Need for Cyber Security
    590
  - Standards
    591
  - Cip 002
    592
  - Cip 003
    592
  - NERC Compliance
    592
  - Cip 004
    593
  - Cip 005
    593
  - Cip 006
    593
  - Cip 007
    593
  - Cip 008
    594
  - Cip 009
    594
  - Ieee 1686-2007
    594
  - Four-Level Access
    595
  - Px40 Cyber Security Implementation
    595
  - Access Level Ddbs
    596
  - Default Passwords
    596
  - Password Rules
    596
  - Password Strengthening
    597
  - Password Validation
    597
  - Blank Passwords
    598
  - Password Management
    598
  - Entry of the Recovery Password
    599
  - Password Encryption
    599
  - Password Recovery
    599
  - Disabling Logical Ports
    600
  - Disabling Physical Ports
    600
  - Logging out
    600
  - Port Disablement
    600
  - Events
    601
  - Security Event Values
    602
  - Cyber Security Settings
    603
  - Security Cells Summary
    604
  - Hardware / Software Version History and Compatibility
    605

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