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SWING
TOOL
CUTTING
BEADS
wood-lathe
From this start, depress point slightly to start cut, then
continue to move point down in an arc toward the bottom
center of cove - at the same time rolling chisel uniformly so
that, at the end of the cut, it will be flat at bottom of the cove.
The object is to keep the extreme point of gouge doing the
cutting from start to finish. Reverse movements to cut the
opposite side,
Coves also can be scraped to finish, using the round nose
chisel or a rattail file - but these methods do not generally
produce perfectly curved COves,
MAKING
LONG CONVEX
CUTS
First turn work down to approximate size, using sizing cuts
(as required) to determine various diameters. Finish cut can
then be made with either skew or gouge.
If the skew is Used, the principles of the operation are the
same as those employed in cutting a bead -- except that
curve is longer and may be irregu ar. Use the extreme heel
throughout -_ start at onger end of curve (if curve is
irregular) and progress toward steeper end. If gouge is
used. make cut in the same direction. Start with the handle
CUTTING
COVES
..........
'_
CHISEL
INCLINED
IN DIRECTION
OF CUT
well back of point -- swinging handle in the direction of tool
travel to overtake the point, if necessary, when the steep
part of the curve is reached. Object is to keep extreme point
during the cutting throughout -- with bevel as tangent to
curve as possible.
MAKING
LONG TAPER CUTS
Long taper cuts are made like long convex cuts, with the
skew or gouge. However, the angle between the cutting
edge and handle is kept constant during the entire cut. The
handle is not swung around. Always cut downhill. Do not
cut too deeply at the center of the taper.
PLOTTING THE SHAPE
HOW TO HANDLE
Once the basic cuts have been mastered, you are ready to
turn out finished work,The first step is to prepare a plan for
the proposed turning. This can be laid out on a suitable
sheet of paper- and should be to full size, Next, preparethe
turning stock by squaring it up to the size of the largest
square or round section in you r plan. The stock can be cut to
the exact length of the proposed turning; but, in most cases,
it is best to leave the stock a little long st one or both ends to
allow for trimming.
DIAMETERS
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SIZING CUTS
Mountthe stock in the lathe, and rough it off to a maximum-
size cylinder. Now project your plan onto the turning by
marking the various critical dimensions along the length of
the spindle in penci!. These dimensions can be laid out with
SPINDLE
TURNINGS
an ordinary ruler - or by using a template. Make the pencil
marks about 1/2-in_ long - they will then be visible when
the work is revolved under power, and can be quickly traced
around the spindle by touching each line with the pencil
After marking, use the parting tool to make sizing cuts at all
of the important shoulders. When learning, you will find it
best to make many sizing cuts to accurately plot the various
diameters; but experienced workers can do with a few such
cuts at the important shoulders. Plan each sizing cut so that
it is in waste stock; and make each deep enough so that
there will be just enough wood left under the cut for the
finishing process. Once the sizing cuts have been run in,
rough-cut the excess wood with a gouge -- then proceed
with the finishing process by making the various types of
cuts required.
DUPLICATE
TURNINGS
Identical turnings require great accuracy when plotting the
work and doing the various cuts. Many methods have been
devised to aid in perfecting the work.
Use of Patterns
Professional workers generally use a pattern, or layout
board. This is a thin piece of wood or cardboard on which is
drawn a full-size half section of the turning. The contour of
the finished surface is drawn first; then the diameters at
various critical points are drawn to scale as vertical lines
intersecting the contour tine. By placing the pattern against
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