Malvern Zetasizer Nano Series User Manual
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Malvern Zetasizer Nano Series User Manual

Malvern Zetasizer Nano Series User Manual

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Zetasizer Nano Series
Zetasizer Nano Series
User Manual
User Manual
M A N 0 3 1 7 I s s u e 1 . 0 J u n e 2 0 0 3

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Summary of Contents for Malvern Zetasizer Nano Series

  • Page 1 Zetasizer Nano Series Zetasizer Nano Series User Manual User Manual M A N 0 3 1 7 I s s u e 1 . 0 J u n e 2 0 0 3...
  • Page 2 © Malvern Instruments Ltd. 2003 Malvern Instruments makes every effort to ensure that this document is correct. However, due to Malvern Instruments policy of continual product development we are unable to guarantee the accuracy of this, or any other document after the date of publication. We therefore disclaim all liability for any changes, errors or omissions after the date of publication.

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    C O N T E N T S Table of Contents Part 1 - Operators guide CHAPTER 1 - Introduction to this manual Introduction to this manual How to use this manual Access to the Instrument Assumed information Where to get help CHAPTER 2 - What is the Zetasizer Nano? Introduction What does the Zetasizer Nano do?
  • Page 4 C O N T E N T S Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s CHAPTER 5 - Records and Reports - Viewing the results Introduction Displaying the results CHAPTER 6 - Sample Preparation Introduction Preparing the sample...
  • Page 5 C O N T E N T S CHAPTER 10 - Measurement file window - Workspace management Introduction 10-1 Measurement file window 10-2 CHAPTER 11 - Exporting results Introduction 11-1 Exporting results 11-1 Creating an export template 11-3 CHAPTER 12 - Creating custom reports Introduction 12-1 Overview...
  • Page 6 C O N T E N T S Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Part 3 - Appendices APPENDIX A - Health and Safety APPENDIX B - Specification APPENDIX C - Site requirements Introduction Environmental conditions...

  • Page 7: Part 1 - Operators Guide

    Part 1 - Operators guide Part 1 - Operators guide...

  • Page 9: Introduction

    Introduction to this manual Introduction to this manual...

  • Page 11: Introduction To This Manual

    C H A P T E R 1 Introduction to this manual This manual covers the operation and maintenance of the Zetasizer Nano particle analyser series. Zetasizer Nano Model instrument number Description Nano S (Red badge) ZEN1600 Size measurement particle sizer Nano S (Green badge) ZEN1500 Size measurement particle sizer...

  • Page 12: How To Use This Manual

    C H A P T E R 1 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s . Explain how the instrument should be used to make a measurement. . Identify the user maintenance procedures. How to use this manual It is important to read the Health and Safety information in appendix A before operating the instrument.

  • Page 13: Access To The Instrument

    Within this manual, reference is made to the various people who will have access to the instrument. Malvern personnel Malvern personnel (service engineers, representatives etc.) have full access to the instrument and are the only people authorised to perform all service procedures that may require the removal of the covers.

  • Page 14: Assumed Information

    C H A P T E R 1 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Warning! Failure to follow these guidelines could result in exposure to hazardous voltages and laser radiation. Assumed information Naming convention The Zetasizer Nano will either be referred to in full, as the Zetasizer, or as the...
  • Page 15 Advice button and contains more sample related content. Help desk All queries regarding the system should initially be directed to the local Malvern representative. Please quote the following information: . Model and serial number of the instrument (located on the rear panel and the front of the cuvette holder).
  • Page 16 C H A P T E R 1 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s P a g e 1 . 6...
  • Page 17 What is the Zetasizer Nano? What is the Zetasizer Nano?

  • Page 19: Introduction

    C H A P T E R 2 Introduction What is the Zetasizer Nano system and what is it supposed to do? This chapter gives a brief overview of the Zetasizer Nano instrument range: what the Zetasizer Nano does and simple explanations about the measurement technique.
  • Page 20 – >?@ Laser fitted The Zetasizer Nano series is available with either a 633nm ‘red’ laser or a 532nm ‘green’ laser fitted. The laser fitted is identified by the colour of the oval badge on the cover. . The 633nm laser is least suitable for blue samples.

  • Page 21: What Is Particle Size, Zeta Potential And Molecular Weight

    C H A P T E R 2 Option label Option fitted ZEN1003 Narrow band filter for all instrument options ? Universal ‘Dip’ cell Used to provide repeatable measurements of non-aqueous samples such as solvents. Also suitable for measurements of valuable aqueous samples where minimal sample quantity is important.
  • Page 22 C H A P T E R 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s amount of movement and the particle positions are quite different, then the particles in the sample are small. Using this knowledge and the relationship between diffusion speed and size the size can be determined.
  • Page 23 This is a calculation using a known molecular formula and applying the values from the periodic table. With the Zetasizer Nano series of instruments the molecular weight can now be determined by use of Static Light Scattering (SLS) measurement techniques.
  • Page 24 C H A P T E R 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Ions close to the surface of the particle, will be strongly bound while ions that are further away will be loosely bound forming what is called a Diffuse layer.
  • Page 25 C H A P T E R 2 Waste water treatment. The flocculation state of waste water is altered by changes in pH, the addition of chemical flocculants, such as charged polymers, and the presence of aluminium chloride or other highly charged salts. Measurement of zeta potential in combination with these parameters is fundamental in the development and maintenance of optimized water treatment protocols.
  • Page 26 C H A P T E R 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s P a g e 2 . 8...
  • Page 27 How does the Zetasizer How does the Zetasizer Nano work? Nano work?

  • Page 29: Introduction

    C H A P T E R 3 Introduction Previously we identified the instrument and described the various measurement processes that can be performed. This chapter introduces the hardware and software features, that the instrument incorporates. The initial section, “How is a Zetasizer measurement performed?”, will briefly describe what is involved in making a measurement;...
  • Page 30 C H A P T E R 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s The software is used to control the measurement of the sample, there are two basic ways to make a measurement: .
  • Page 31 C H A P T E R 3 Once the measurement is complete the results can be viewed; either in a Record view + , by selecting one of the Malvern pre-set reports , , or a user defined report - .

  • Page 32: What Does The Zetasizer Consist Of

    C H A P T E R 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s What does the Zetasizer consist of ? - Identifying the Hardware The diagram below shows a typical system with its key modules of the Zetasizer instrument, and a computer system with the Zetasizer software installed.
  • Page 33 C H A P T E R 3 Optical unit Positioned on the cover are two labels - one to identify the instrument and another to identify the instrument model; refer to the identification table in chapter 2. Rear Panel The rear panel provides all the connections.
  • Page 34 For an explanation refer to the identification table in chapter 2. J Accessory output A 12v output supply is provided on the rear panel to connect to any Malvern supplied accessory that requires an external voltage source. Consult the respective accessory manual for details.
  • Page 35 C H A P T E R 3 purge inlet port can be used to connect an air or nitrogen supply. This will remove any moisture in the air immediately surrounding the cell and prevent condensation. If using the purge inlet connector then the air or nitrogen supply must conform to the following specification: .
  • Page 36 C H A P T E R 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Indicates if the instrument has detected an error. The measurement will be stopped. Amber is a combination of red and green lights.
  • Page 37 C H A P T E R 3 Other important features of the cell area are described below. > Cell area lid On pressing the cell access button the lid will slowly raise allowing access to the cell holder. On opening two safety interlocks are activated. .
  • Page 38 C H A P T E R 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s . Identifies the zeta cell fitted. Depending upon the measurement to be performed, either a size or zeta potential cell will be required.
  • Page 39 C H A P T E R 3 The thermal cap gives increased temperature stability for size measurements when heating and cooling the sample during size measurements. This is important when measuring at either end of the temperature specification. The thermal cap is placed over the cell to ensure the temperature requested is reached.
  • Page 40 The cuvette holder includes a serial number, model number and option labels These identify the instrument and should be quoted in any correspondence with Malvern Instruments. Refer to the identification table in chapter 2. N o t e The Zetasizer Nano model, serial number, software and firmware version can be found by left-clicking the Nano icon in the right corner of the status bar.

  • Page 41: Navigating The Software

    C H A P T E R 3 Navigating the Software The Malvern Zetasizer software controls the system during a measurement and then processes the measurement data to produce either a size, zeta potential or molecular weight result. It displays the results and allows reports to be printed.
  • Page 42 C H A P T E R 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Menu bar. The menu bar contains the main menu headings for all software functions. Items which end with a row of dots (...) will cause dialogue boxes to appear.

  • Page 43: Measurement File Window

    C H A P T E R 3 Edit Menu Allows movement and manipulation of records in the Measurement file window(s). Records can be cut, copied, pasted and deleted into their own or other measurement files. Edit result... allows an existing measurement record to be reanalysed using different dispersant and particle properties.
  • Page 44 C H A P T E R 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s View Menu This selects which reports will be shown in the measurement file window and which Toolbars are to be displayed.
  • Page 45 C H A P T E R 3 Data Export Templates... opens a dialogue that defines the parameters and the format in which the record data will be exported. Once a template is created the measurement data can be exported to other software packages such as Excel or Wordpad, by using File-Export data.
  • Page 46 Security Menu To prevent unauthorised changes, the Malvern software can be configured to limit each users access to various functions - e.g. modifying an SOP. Users are assigned operating permissions that allow, or restrict, access; this will be fully explained in chapter...
  • Page 47 About… gives details on the software version installed. It is helpful to quote this if contacting Malvern Instruments. Toolbars The toolbars contain a selection of tools that can be used to perform the most popular operations. Each tool will have its equivalent commands within the menu bar.
  • Page 48 C H A P T E R 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s To identify each tools function, move the cursor over a tool - a tool tip will be displayed under each tool with a short description of its action displayed in the status bar.
  • Page 49 C H A P T E R 3 Selecting a report tab will display a predefined report as selected by the Report pages tab in the workspace dialogues. Malvern supplies several reports that give different views of the measurement settings and results, whilst custom reports can be generated using the Report Designer.
  • Page 50 Within the software, various parameters, settings or reports will have either a small Malvern logo ( ) or an (M) alongside. This identifies it as Malvern defined and cannot be overwritten. The Malvern defined parameters can be used as a template that can be altered and saved under a different name.
  • Page 51 Making measurements - Making measurements - A tutorial A tutorial...

  • Page 53: Introduction

    C H A P T E R 4 Introduction After reading this chapter a user should be able to make simple measurements. The chapter goes through the basics from turning on the system to displaying the results of a measurement. The first section, “Quick guide to making a measurement”...

  • Page 54: Quick Guide To Making A Measurement

    C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Quick guide to making a measurement This section will give a brief overview of the measurement process using an SOP. More information on each stage can be found later in this chapter.

  • Page 55: Sample Preparation

    Please refer to Chapter 6 for sample preparation guidelines for the different measurement types. Choosing the correct Cell Malvern offers a range of cells for performing measurements with the Zetasizer system. Choice of cell is dependent upon the type of measurement being performed and the sample that will be measured.
  • Page 56 All the cells mentioned below are available from Malvern and should be used with the supplied cell caps. Using the caps will ensure greater thermal stability of the sample, as well as preventing dust introduction and possible spillage.
  • Page 57 C H A P T E R 4 Disposable low volume Glass - round aperture polystyrene (DTS0112) (PCS8501) Typical solvent Water, Water/alcohol Water, most organic and inorganic solvents Optical quality Good to very good Excellent Minimum 375µl (100µl when using insert) Sample volume Advantages Low cost...
  • Page 58 C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Low volume Glass flow cuvette (ZEN0023) Typical solvent Water, most organic and inorganic solvents Optical quality Excellent...
  • Page 59 C H A P T E R 4 Zeta potential measurements “Size & Zeta potential” Folded Capillary cell (DTS1060) Description This is a maintenance-free capillary cell primarily designed for zeta potential measurements. It has been designed to be used for a single measurement or series of measurements, then discarded rather than cleaned.

  • Page 60: Filling The Cell

    C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Universal ‘Dip’ cell (ZEN1002) Description The Universal ‘Dip’ cell is used to provide a method to measure the zeta potential of both aqueous and non-aqueous samples - A number of samples can be prepared and the Dip cell inserted to measure each one in turn.
  • Page 61 C H A P T E R 4 Size and Molecular weight measurements A minimum sample volume must be provided. However, this minimum volume depends on the actual cell type and it is easier to ensure a certain depth of the sample in the cell.
  • Page 62 C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s between 7mm and 10mm (before the dip cell is inserted). The minimum level relates to approximately 0.7ml of sample.

  • Page 63: Inserting The Cell

    C H A P T E R 4 Inserting the Cell In the status bar, the software will prompt when the cell needs to be inserted. This will always be after the SOP has been started - see next section. When and how the cell is inserted will depend on the application, and the measurement choices selected.
  • Page 64 C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s - Place the thermal cap over the cell; Do not fit if using the flowcell. .
  • Page 65 C H A P T E R 4 - Hold the cell near the top, away from the lower measurement area, and push into the cell holder until it stops. The cell can be inserted either way round. . Close the cell area lid. Inserting the Universal ‘Dip’...

  • Page 66: Making An Sop Measurement

    C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Caution. When removing the dip cell, and cuvette, ensure that both the dip cell cap and cuvette are held when the cell is withdrawn.
  • Page 67 C H A P T E R 4 To open an existing measurement file: Select File-Open. A dialogue will appear allowing selection of a measurement file. Select Open. To create a new measurement file: Select File-New. A dialogue will appear allowing the new measurement file to be named and specify where it will be saved.

  • Page 68: Making A Manual Measurement

    C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Follow the instructions on the status line of the measurement display - i.e. Insert the Cell (described above) and press the Start ( $ ) button to start the measurement.

  • Page 69: The Measurement Display

    C H A P T E R 4 The Measurement display When an SOP or manual measurement is started the measurement display will appear showing the progress of the measurement. The measurement display for all measurement types is generally the same and shows a number of dialogues representing the progress of the measurement sequence.
  • Page 70 C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Help Opens the Help file. Close Closes the measurement display and returns to the record view. If close is pressed while a measurement is in progress the screen will close and all measured data will be lost;...
  • Page 71 C H A P T E R 4 If dust is present then Dust present sharp spikes will be observed. Measurement runs with dust present will be removed from the final measurement calculation by a dust filtration algorithm. Time A wildly fluctuating Thermal gradients count rate may indicate that thermal...
  • Page 72 C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Small size Large size sample sample Time Time Contaminated Noisy data sample = variable results Time Time Result...
  • Page 73 C H A P T E R 4 Zeta potential Displays the zeta potential result. The view will be updated after every individual measurement run, with the result being the sum of the completed measurement runs . Log sheet Displays the progress of the measurement. Trend and protein melting point measurements The trend and melting point dialogues are generally the same as those used with either a size or zeta measurement SOP is chosen.
  • Page 74 C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s As soon as a run is completed the result tab changes to blue to indicate a preliminary size result is available to view (by clicking on the tab).

  • Page 75: Editing The Result

    C H A P T E R 4 As soon as one measurement run is completed the zeta result tab changes to blue to indicate a preliminary zeta result is available to view (by clicking on the tab). As more measurements runs are made, the zeta result will change as more runs are accumulated and averaged until the final result is achieved.
  • Page 76 C H A P T E R 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s If the 21 CFR part 11 feature is installed, a Reason for change dialogue will appear so comments can be entered detailing what changes have been made.
  • Page 77 Records and Reports - Records and Reports - Viewing the results Viewing the results...
  • Page 79 C H A P T E R 5 Introduction Once a measurement has finished the results will need to be reviewed. This chapter details the displaying of the final measurement result. The final result is displayed in the measurement file window as either a measurement record or report.
  • Page 80 Zetasizer, the filename and record number of the measurement and the date printed, plus the Malvern contact phone number. Each measurement type has a ‘standard’ report associated to it. The same result information is present in both the computer and printed versions, except for the diagnostic reports which contain extended information on the printed version.
  • Page 81 C H A P T E R 5 , System details This section gives details on instrument settings for this particular measurement. Specifically, these are: Temperature Measured temperature at the start of the measurement. Count rate Average count rate for the measurement. Measurement duration This is the measurement time in seconds.
  • Page 82 C H A P T E R 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Attenuator Transmission Index (% Nominal) 0.0003 0.003 0.01 0.03 Measurement position The measurement position within the system is automatically moved to allow a large range of sample concentrations to be measured.
  • Page 83 C H A P T E R 5 N o t e The attenuator index and measurement position are automatically adjusted by the software, though for more experienced users there is an advanced button that allows both to be set manually. - Results This section gives the results of the measurement.
  • Page 84 C H A P T E R 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Polydispersity index The coefficient of the squared term, c, when scaled as 2c/b is known as the polydispersity, or polydispersity index (PDI).
  • Page 85 “Marquee” (from top left to bottom right) around the area to be enlarged. To zoom back out, simply click the left mouse button on the graph. Other Size reports Other Malvern views available for size measurements are: Intensity Statistics (M) Volume psd (M) Volume Statistics (M)
  • Page 86 C H A P T E R 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Molecular weight measurements - standard report The standard report for molecular weight measurements is Molecular weight report (M).
  • Page 87 C H A P T E R 5 Shape model Shows the shape correction model used for the measurement. With knowledge of the sample configuration it is possible to improve the result of the measurement by adding the value that most closely corresponds to the probable sample shape;...
  • Page 88 C H A P T E R 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s System The system section gives details on settings configured during the measurement process. Please see the size description for details about Temperature, Cell type, Run duration and Attenuator.
  • Page 89 Please see the size description above for details on altering the graph. Other Zeta potential reports Other Malvern views available for zeta potential measurements are: Electrophoretic mobility (M) This report is effectively the same as the zeta potential report described, except the zeta potential result and graph are replaced by the electrophoretic mobility.
  • Page 90 C H A P T E R 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s P a g e 5 . 1 2...
  • Page 91 Sample Preparation Sample Preparation...
  • Page 93 C H A P T E R 6 Introduction Before filling the cell or cuvette that will be used in the measurement, the sample will need to be prepared. To ensure reliable and accurate measurements proper sample preparation is extremely important. Preparation of the sample for the different measurement types will involve specific preparation techniques.
  • Page 94 C H A P T E R 6 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Particle size Min. Concentration Max. Concentration (Recommended) (Recommended) < 10nm 0.5g/l Only limited by the sample material interaction, aggregation, gelation etc.
  • Page 95 C H A P T E R 6 . Particle interactions. If there are interactions between the particles then the diffusion constant of the particles usually changes, leading to incorrect results. A concentration should be chosen to avoid particle interactions. Considerations for large particles Minimum concentration Even for larger particles, the minimum concentration is effectively still a function...
  • Page 96 C H A P T E R 6 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Maximum concentration The upper limit for the sample concentration for larger particles is determined by their tendency to cause multiple-scattering.
  • Page 97 C H A P T E R 6 Preparing the sample - Molecular weight Preparation of a molecular weight sample is similar to that followed for a size sample, though there are other aspects to consider. The technique is very sensitive to dirt or dust in the sample and therefore great care is required in sample preparation.
  • Page 98 C H A P T E R 6 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s This is a plot of the variation in average intensity versus the concentration. The intercept of the extrapolation to zero concentration is calculated.
  • Page 99 C H A P T E R 6 Dilution Medium The continuous phase of most samples can arbitrarily be put into one of two categories: . Polar dispersants are defined as those with a dielectric constant greater than 20 e.g. ethanol and water. .
  • Page 100 C H A P T E R 6 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s P a g e 6 . 8...
  • Page 101 Maintenance Maintenance...

  • Page 103: Introduction

    This instrument has been designed so that supervisor/operator maintenance is kept to a minimum. It should be fully understood that no one, except a qualified Malvern representative, should remove the main cover. This chapter explains the routine user maintenance procedures that can be performed.

  • Page 104: Cleaning The Cells

    C H A P T E R 7 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s . Never use compressed air. Cleaning the Cells It is very important that the cells are cleaned thoroughly between measurements and especially between different types of sample.
  • Page 105 The electrode holder is made from PEEK (polyetheretherketone) which is resistant to a wide range of chemical products, however, it is advisable to seek advice from Malvern and the sample manufacturer before using strong acid or strong base. Cleaning Cuvettes There are two main types of cuvette available, disposable polystyrene and reusable glass or quartz.

  • Page 106: Replacing The System Fuse

    Warning! Fuses must not be replaced by the operator. Only the supervisor or a Malvern representative should attempt to change the fuse. If the instrument does not power up, check the system fuses. The system fuses are located on the rear panel of the instrument in the mains power switch.
  • Page 107 Part 2 - Supervisors guide Part 2 - Supervisors guide...
  • Page 109 Security Security...

  • Page 111: Introduction

    SOPs, deleting records and editing results can be reserved for specific users only. Within the Malvern Security system, one or more persons are set up as the administrator. The administrator then controls access to the instrument by defining ‘User groups’...

  • Page 112: Initial Start-Up - Set Up The Administrator

    C H A P T E R 8 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Initial start-up - set up the administrator: N o t e It is vital that at least one user has access to the configuration of the security system.

  • Page 113: Enabling Security

    C H A P T E R 8 N o t e It is preferable to have at least two users assigned to the administrators group. The users user name and password should be stored in a secure location. This is to safeguard against accidental lockout or deletion of permissions that may prevent the security settings being available.
  • Page 114 C H A P T E R 8 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Adding/editing a group Select Security-Configure security to enter the Security configuration dialogue. Select User-New Group... to display the Group properties dialogue, alternatively double-click on an empty row.

  • Page 115: Users

    C H A P T E R 8 The Permissions section of the dialogue allows functions of the software to be enabled/disabled for the group. To set the access permissions for the group, simply scroll down the list of permissions and check the boxes for the permissions required.
  • Page 116 C H A P T E R 8 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Generally it will be the administrator entering these details. The administrator can enter the password but this would require the administrator to know a users password beforehand.
  • Page 117 C H A P T E R 8 . User can not change password This option prevents a user from changing a password once it has been ini- tially set. For a secure system, it is advisable for users to regularly change their passwords to prevent unauthorised access.
  • Page 118 C H A P T E R 8 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s P a g e 8 . 8...
  • Page 119 Using SOPs Using SOPs...

  • Page 121: Introduction

    C H A P T E R 9 Introduction An SOP measurement uses pre-set parameters, to ensure that measurements made on the same type of sample are made in a consistent way. SOPs are ideal if repeatedly measuring the same type of sample. Having to set the same parameters each time a measurement is made is tedious and also adds the risk of introducing errors into the settings - using SOPs avoids this.

  • Page 122: Creating An Sop

    C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Creating an SOP To create a new SOP, select Configure-New SOP. This will open up the SOP creation wizard.
  • Page 123 C H A P T E R 9 Trend Enables the selection of the temperature trend parameters, i.e. start and end temperatures, and intervals between measurement steps. For Trend SOPs only. Common dialogue for size and zeta trend measurements. Measurement This dialogue allows the duration of the measurement to be set, and to make multiple measurements of the same sample.

  • Page 124: All Sops

    C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s All SOPs The dialogues below are the same for all SOP types. Note that Report and Export occur at the end of the SOP creation wizard, after defining the measurement type dialogues.
  • Page 125 C H A P T E R 9 Labels Sample name. The name entered here should be a description of the sample being measured. If no name is entered the sample name entry in the records view will be left blank. General notes.
  • Page 126 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Instructions This dialogue allows instructions to the user to be displayed both before and/or after running an SOP.
  • Page 127 Cell type. Select the appropriate cell from the list. The choices match the range of cells available from Malvern Instruments. Once selected a description of the cells is given. For measurements using other cell types please contact Malvern for compatibility.
  • Page 128 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Reports The reports dialogue enables various reports to be selected and then printed automatically once the measurement has finished.
  • Page 129 C H A P T E R 9 Export Enables the measurement results to be exported to third party software packages such as Excel or Wordpad. With the Export results check box selected measurement parameters can be defined and exported on completion of the measurement. Select the required Export template from the list or create or modify a template using the Templates button;...

  • Page 130: Size Sops

    The dispersant name, refractive index and viscosity can all be specified. N o t e Viscosity is temperature dependent. The Malvern defined dispersants include a built in viscosity calculation that determines the correct viscosity of the dispersant at any sample temperature.
  • Page 131 A dispersant can be deleted by selecting the dispersant from the list and pressing the Delete… button. Note that it is not possible to modify or delete the dispersants that were specified by Malvern. Material properties The physical properties required for the sample material.
  • Page 132 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Example absorption values: Emulsions : 0.00 Latex : 0.01 Coloured samples : Blue/black samples : Material properties can be added, modified and deleted in the same way as the dispersants detailed previously.
  • Page 133 C H A P T E R 9 This allows the Mark-Houwink parameters to be entered to enable a molecular weight to be calculated based on the dynamic light scattering data. In the Mark-Houwink relationship: From knowledge the viscosity h and the a (A) and K parameters (both available in many reference books) the molecular weight can be determined.
  • Page 134 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Temperature N o t e The Zetasizer is capable of heating or cooling the sample to allow the measurement to be made at a specific temperature.
  • Page 135 C H A P T E R 9 default. Automatic measurements will be divided into a number of runs of at least 10 seconds in length. Using Manual the time may be reduced for the measurement a latex standard, or increased to improve the repeatability of the measurement of particularly polydisperse samples.
  • Page 136 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s to be compared, or to speed up the optimisation stage prior to a measurement being performed.
  • Page 137 C H A P T E R 9 Advanced The Advanced button dialogue enables both the measured size range and the measurement thresholds to be set. If it is known that all particles within the sample will fall within a certain size range, then the size range can be set to ignore data or artifacts at each end of the distribution.

  • Page 138: Molecular Weight Sops

    C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Molecular weight SOPs Though the majority of the Sample and Measurement dialogues described below are unique to Molecular weight measurements;...
  • Page 139 C H A P T E R 9 Material, solvent and standard properties The Zetasizer software requires certain information about the physical properties of the material and solvent that make up the sample that is to be measured, plus information about the “Standard” used for laser intensity calibration. By selecting either the Material, Solvent or Standard tab and selecting the button these properties can be defined.
  • Page 140 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Define a new material by pressing the Add button and entering the material name.
  • Page 141 C H A P T E R 9 Temperature Please refer to the Temperature description in the Size SOP section. SLS measurement duration The measurement duration setting affects the accuracy and repeatability of the results. With Automatic selected, the software will automatically determine the measurement duration.

  • Page 142: Zeta Potential Sops

    C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Zeta potential SOPs Though the majority of the Sample and Measurement dialogues described below are unique for zeta measurements;...
  • Page 143 C H A P T E R 9 Dispersant properties tab Selecting this tab enables new dispersants to be added and defined. Please refer to the Material and Dispersant properties description in the size SOP section for details. Material properties tab Selecting this tab allows new material to be added and selected.
  • Page 144 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Sample viscosity options This area is useful for customising the viscosity parameters. Please refer to the Sample viscosity options description in the Size SOP section.
  • Page 145 C H A P T E R 9 The default number of runs in ‘auto’ measurement duration is 30, but for a stable sample as few as 10 runs may be required. The measurement will then complete even though the displayed run total has not been achieved. With Manual selected the measurement will use the user defined settings.
  • Page 146 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Size ranges and measurement thresholds can be applied to the analysis to filter spurious peaks prior to the analysis being performed.

  • Page 147: Trend & Protein Melting Point Sops

    C H A P T E R 9 Trend & Protein melting point SOPs The Trend SOP allows size and zeta measurements to be performed and plotted as a function of temperature, while the Protein melting point SOP enables the protein denaturation point to be determined;...
  • Page 148 C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Temperature Interval / Number of steps The measurement can be configured to change either in specific measurement intervals (e.g.

  • Page 149: Extracting An Sop

    C H A P T E R 9 Please refer to the size and zeta SOPs section for details of the measurement dialogue functions. Extracting an SOP The SOP (or manual settings) used when performing a measurement can be viewed by right-clicking on the measurement record and selecting Extract SOP. This will display the SOP dialogues.

  • Page 150: Distributing An Sop

    C H A P T E R 9 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Distributing an SOP SOPs are designed to allow the measurement of the same type of sample in a consistent way - if monitoring batches of sample in a quality control environment, the results will be meaningless if different measurement parameters have been chosen for each batch.
  • Page 151 Measurement file window - Measurement file window - Workspace management Workspace management...
  • Page 153 Once a result has been calculated, the data can be displayed as either a record or report - by selecting the appropriate tab. Malvern provides several default reports (identified with (M) in the name) that will be sufficient for most users. The user also has the ability to create their own custom reports to satisfy their individual needs.
  • Page 154 C H A P T E R 1 0 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Measurement file window Initially a measurement file must be opened by selecting File-Open. Once a file has been selected, a measurement window will appear.
  • Page 155 C H A P T E R 1 0 Workspaces Instead of the measurement file windows showing every single measurement, it is possible to customise the window views so that, for example, only zeta potential measurements from that file are shown. Similarly a user can create a personalised workspace so that only parameters and reports relevant to themselves will be shown.
  • Page 156 . Use the Record view parameters to specify what parameters will be viewed as the column headings. . Report pages allows selection of both Malvern created and customised re- ports. Once completed the new workspace can be selected using the View menu or Workspace toolbar.
  • Page 157 C H A P T E R 1 0 The list on the left displays all parameters available for a measurement record. The list on the right displays all parameters that are currently displayed in the Records view and the order in which they appear. Parameters can be added or removed from this list by using the Add and Remove keys Change the order in which the parameters are displayed by selecting a parameter,...
  • Page 158 C H A P T E R 1 0 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s N o t e If the software is subsequently updated with a new version, the changed parameter names will be preserved.
  • Page 159 C H A P T E R 1 0 Handling the measurement files In the Records view, depending upon the workspace settings chosen, all measurement records for that file will be shown. It is possible within the Records view to move, delete and copy individual records in the measurement file window or between different files, plus the ability to edit the result.
  • Page 160 C H A P T E R 1 0 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s N o t e The measurement file records can be chosen using standard Windows™ procedure.
  • Page 161 Exporting results Exporting results...

  • Page 163: Introduction

    C H A P T E R 1 1 Introduction The Zetasizer software allows any of the parameters from one or more records, as well as graph and table data to be exported to another application such as Excel, Word or Wordpad. There are several ways to export the required information: .
  • Page 164 C H A P T E R 1 1 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Export all records will export the complete measurement file, whereas Export selection only will export only the records that have been highlighted. .

  • Page 165: Creating An Export Template

    C H A P T E R 1 1 Drag and Drop An alternative method to export data is to “drag and drop”. As the name suggests this is simply a matter of dragging the records to another application and then dropping them.
  • Page 166 C H A P T E R 1 1 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s The list on the left displays all available parameters. The list on the right displays all parameters that are to be included in the export template.
  • Page 167 C H A P T E R 1 1 Column titles can be altered by double-clicking on them e.g. Double-click on Percentile and alter to Percentile d(99) to reflect the particular percentile size viewed. The Settings tab works the in the same way as previously described. N o t e The Export templates can also be selected and edited using the SOP creation procedures - Export dialogue.
  • Page 168 C H A P T E R 1 1 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s P a g e 1 1 . 6...
  • Page 169 Creating custom reports Creating custom reports...

  • Page 171: Introduction

    C H A P T E R 1 2 Introduction Malvern provides a range of default reports (identified with (M) appended to the name - e.g. Intensity PSD (M)) that are sufficient for most users. For some users though the default reports will not display all the required parameters. With Report Designer the user has the ability to create their own custom reports to satisfy their individual needs.

  • Page 172: Opening A Report

    C H A P T E R 1 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Opening a report Report designer is opened from within the main Zetasizer software. Select Tools-Report Designer to start the application and open a report with the menu option File-Open...
  • Page 173 C H A P T E R 1 2 . Graph . Table Once objects are placed on the report screen they can be manoeuvred by selecting and dragging. Once selected an object can also be reduced or expanded using the black squares.

  • Page 174: Customising And Editing The Report

    C H A P T E R 1 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Customising and editing the report Once an object has been inserted into the report its properties can be customised using the Properties dialogue box.
  • Page 175 C H A P T E R 1 2 Parameters with arguments Certain parameters allow specific values (or arguments) to be added. A d(99) percentile can be viewed by adding Measurement -Size-Percentile and then typing 0.99 as the argument value. Parameter titles can be altered by double-clicking on them e.g.
  • Page 176 C H A P T E R 1 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Calculation editor Within the Calculation editor, existing calculations can be loaded (and modified if required) or a new calculation created.
  • Page 177 C H A P T E R 1 2 Trend Graph. Trend graphs allow the measurement data from multiple records to be compared to investigate any trends in the information. Any parameter can be chosen for the X-axis, and any two other numerical parameters for the Y1 and Y2 axes.
  • Page 178 C H A P T E R 1 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Molecular weight graphs The following molecular weight graph can be inserted. Debye Displays the calculated molecular weight as a Debye plot - the variation in intensity versus the concentration.
  • Page 179 C H A P T E R 1 2 Trend graph properties The Trend graph properties dialogue is the same as above but also contains an extra Parameters tab from which all required parameters can be selected for viewing. The Trend plots selection area is used for selecting the Y axes parameters. The Y1 parameter column is used to select the axis on the left of the graph and Y2, the axis on the right.
  • Page 180 C H A P T E R 1 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Tables A number of data tables can be added to the report using the control palette. The data is taken from the current selected measurement record, or group of selected records for the trend and statistics tables.

  • Page 181: A Finished Report

    C H A P T E R 1 2 minimum of a group of selected measurement records. The statistics shown on the table can be altered using the properties dialogue. Tables properties dialogue This dialogue is the same as that for the text dialogue, plus a Table tab that defines the type of table displayed and how many columns to use.

  • Page 182: Viewing The New Report

    C H A P T E R 1 2 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s An easy way to create a screen report from a page report (or vice versa) is to use Edit-Select all from the menu, then copy and paste the complete page from the printed layout and directly paste into the screen version;...
  • Page 183 Size theory Size theory...

  • Page 185: Introduction

    Introduction The aim of this chapter is to describe the basic Size principles behind the Zetasizer Nano series. This will help in understanding the meaning of the results achieved. The chapter is divided into two major sections. What is Dynamic light scattering? and Operation of the Zetasizer Nano - Size measurements.
  • Page 186 C H A P T E R 1 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s What causes these bright and dark areas? The diagram below shows the propagated waves from the light scattered by the particles.
  • Page 187 C H A P T E R 1 3 Within the instrument is a component called a digital correlator. A correlator basically measures the degree of similarity between two signals over a period of time. If we compared the intensity signal of a particular part of the speckle pattern at one point in time (say time = t) to the intensity signal a very short time later (t+d t) we would see that the two signals are very similar - or strongly correlated.
  • Page 188 C H A P T E R 1 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s related to size of the particles (Stokes-Einstein equation). Large particles move slowly, while smaller particles move quickly. What effect will this have on the speckle pattern? If large particles are being measured, then, as they are moving slowly, the intensity of the speckle pattern will also fluctuate slowly.
  • Page 189 C H A P T E R 1 3 Although the fundamental size distribution generated by DLS is an intensity distribution, this can be converted, using Mie theory, to a volume distribution. This volume distribution can also be further converted to a number distribution. However, number distributions are of limited use as small errors in gathering data for the correlation function will lead to huge errors in distribution by number.
  • Page 190 As a particle scatters light in all directions, it is (in theory), possible to place the detector in any position and it will still detect the scattering. With the Zetasizer Nano series, depending upon the particular model, the detector position will be at either 173° or 90°.
  • Page 191 C H A P T E R 1 3 . For samples that do not scatter much light, such as very small particles or samples of low concentration, the amount of scattered light must be in- creased. In this situation, the attenuator will allow more laser light through to the sample.
  • Page 192 C H A P T E R 1 3 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s direction. Therefore, by measuring the backscatter, the effect of dust is greatly reduced. .
  • Page 193 Molecular Weight theory Molecular Weight theory...

  • Page 195: Introduction

    What is Static light scattering? The Zetasizer Nano series performs Molecular weight measurements using a process called Static Light Scattering (SLS). Static Light Scattering (SLS) is a non-invasive technique used to characterise the molecules in solution.
  • Page 196 C H A P T E R 1 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Static light scattering - theory The molecular weight is determined by measuring the sample at different concentrations and applying the Rayleigh equation.
  • Page 197 C H A P T E R 1 4 : Residual scattering intensity of the analyte (i.e. the sample intensity – solvent intensity). : Toluene scattering intensity. : Solvent refractive index. : Toluene refractive index. : Rayleigh ratio of toluene. Rayleigh scattering The scattering angle P in the Rayleigh equation embodies the angular...

  • Page 198: The Debye Plot

    We can therefore stipulate that if the particle is small, Rayleigh scattering can be assumed and the Rayleigh approximation used. With the Zetasizer Nano series the applicable molecular measurement weight range is from a few hundred g/mol to 500,000 for linear polymers, and over 20,000,000 for near spherical polymers and proteins.
  • Page 199 C H A P T E R 1 4 The diagram below shows how the Molecular weight and 2 Virial Coefficient are derived from the Debye plot. Standard sample i.e. pure solvent Gradient Intercept point C - concentration Samples of varying concentration As only one measurement angle is used in this case, a plot of K/CR versus C...
  • Page 200 C H A P T E R 1 4 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s P a g e 1 4 . 6...
  • Page 201 Zeta Potential theory Zeta Potential theory...

  • Page 203: Introduction

    What is Zeta Potential? The Zetasizer Nano series calculates the zeta potential by determining the Electrophoretic Mobility and then applying the Henry equation. The electrophoretic mobility is obtained by performing an electrophoresis experiment on the sample and measuring the velocity of the particles using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV).
  • Page 204 C H A P T E R 1 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Electrical double layer Slipping plane Particle with negative surface charge + + + Stern layer Diffuse layer -100...
  • Page 205 C H A P T E R 1 5 The point where the plot passes through zero zeta potential. This point is called the Isoelectric point and is very important from a practical consideration. It is normally the point where the colloidal system is least stable. A typical plot of zeta potential versus pH is shown below.
  • Page 206 C H A P T E R 1 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Electrophoresis When an electric field is applied across an electrolyte, charged particles suspended in the electrolyte are attracted towards the electrode of opposite charge.

  • Page 207: Laser Doppler Velocimetry

    Electrode Electrode Capillary The technique used to measure this velocity in Malvern’s Zetasizer Nano series of instruments is Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Laser Doppler Velocimetry Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) is a well established technique in engineering for the study of fluid flow in a wide variety of situations, from the supersonic flows around turbine blades in jet engines to the velocity of sap rising in a plant stem.
  • Page 208 C H A P T E R 1 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Detector Cell ° Intensity of scattered light Time The light scattered at an angle of 17° is combined with the reference beam. This produces a fluctuating intensity signal where the rate of fluctuation is proportional to the speed of the particles.

  • Page 209: The M3-Pals Technique

    With M3 the measurement can be performed anywhere in the cell, though with the Zetasizer Nano series it is performed in the centre of the cell. M3 consists of both Slow Field Reversal (SFR) and Fast Field Reversal (FFR) measurements, hence the name ‘Mixed Mode Measurement’.
  • Page 210 C H A P T E R 1 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Measurement position in the cell The M3 method performs the measurement in the middle of the cell, rather than at the stationary layer.
  • Page 211 C H A P T E R 1 5 The mean zeta potential that is calculated by this technique is therefore very robust, as the measurement position in the cell is not critical. However, as the velocity of the particles is sampled for such a short period of time, information about the distribution is degraded.
  • Page 212 C H A P T E R 1 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Adding PALS and what is it? PALS (Phase Analysis Light Scattering) is a further improvement on traditional Laser doppler velocimetry and the M3 implementation described above.

  • Page 213: Operation Of The Zetasizer Nano Zeta Potential Measurements

    C H A P T E R 1 5 Operation of the Zetasizer Nano - Zeta potential measurements. In a similar way to the typical DLS system described in the size theory chapter, a zeta potential measurement system comprises of six main components. First of all a laser + is used to provide a light source to illuminate the particles within the sample;...
  • Page 214 C H A P T E R 1 5 Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s A detector - sends this information to a digital signal processor .. This information is then passed to a computer / , where the Zetasizer Nano software produces a frequency spectrum from which the electrophoretic mobility and hence the zeta potential information is calculated.
  • Page 215 Part 3 - Appendices Part 3 - Appendices...
  • Page 217 Health and Safety Health and Safety...
  • Page 219 Malvern trained personnel are permitted to remove the main cover of the instrument. The Zetasizer Nano series instruments are mains powered device and all power cables and electrical sockets should be treated accordingly. Do not place cables in positions where they are likely to become wet.
  • Page 220 If PAT testing is required, connect the earth lead to the earth stud underneath the rear right-hand corner of the instrument. Laser Safety Regulations The Zetasizer Nano series are Class 1 laser products, and as such, there is no exposure to laser radiation in the normal operation of the instruments. Caution! Use of controls and procedures other than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.
  • Page 221 A P P E N D I X A The standard laser has a maximum cw-power of 4mW at 632.8nm, while the option laser has a maximum cw-power of 50.0mW at 532nm. Temperature warnings The warning triangle on the cuvette lid and thermal cap are there to warn the operator of potentially hazardous temperatures within the cell area.
  • Page 222 . Before disposal of the optical unit, the laser should be disabled in such a manner as to make it impossible for it to be powered up. Seek advice from the local Malvern representative for details. . The instrument should be decontaminated if hazardous materials have been used in the system.
  • Page 223 Specification Specification...
  • Page 225 A P P E N D I X B Specification Parameter Specification Size range. Nano S and Nano ZS 0.6nm to 6µm hydrodynamic diameter - Concentration range 0.1mg/ml lysozyme to 40wt/vol% Nano S90 and Nano S90 2nm to 3µm hydrodynamic diameter - Concentration range N.A.
  • Page 226 A P P E N D I X B Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Parameter Specification Power requirements AC 100-240V, 50-60Hz Power consumption Max. 80W Ambient operating conditions +10 to +35 °C (+50 to 95 °F) - Humidity 10 to 90% (non-condensing)
  • Page 227 Site requirements Site requirements - f r o m M A N 0 3 1 7 I s s u e 1 . 0...
  • Page 228 © Malvern Instruments Ltd. 2003 Malvern Instruments makes every effort to ensure that this document is correct. However, due to Malvern Instruments policy of continual product development we are unable to guarantee the accuracy of this, or any other document after the date of publication. We therefore disclaim all liability for any changes, errors or omissions after the date of publication.
  • Page 229 A P P E N D I X C Introduction This document outlines all site requirements needed to install a Zetasizer Nano system. Ensure that all site requirements are fulfilled before the Malvern Instruments engineer arrives to install and commission your system. Environmental conditions When choosing a site for the system, ensure that the following environmental conditions are satisfied.
  • Page 230 A P P E N D I X C Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Humidity 10 to 90% (non-condensing) Altitude Up to 2000m Pollution degree Mains supply voltage fluctuations ±10% of nominal voltage Space required Enough space should be given to allow easy access to all components of the...
  • Page 231 A P P E N D I X C Power requirements The mains power supply must be clean and filtered. If necessary, fit an un-interruptible power supply (UPS) to remove any spikes or noise. The power requirement for each component of the Zetasizer system is given below. Component Power requirement Power sockets required...
  • Page 232 Windows 2000 (Service pack 3 or later) Laser Safety The Zetasizer Nano series instruments are Class 1 laser products and as such, require no special laser safety considerations during normal operation. However, during installation and servicing (which must be performed by a qualified Malvern representative), it is possible that the servicing engineer may be exposed to class 3b or above laser radiation.
  • Page 233 Unpacking instructions Unpacking instructions - f r o m M A N 0 3 1 7 I s s u e 1 . 0 Déballez l’instrument Déballez l’instrument Auspacken des Gerates Auspacken des Gerates Desempaquetado del aparato Desempaquetado del aparato Desempacotamento do instrumento Desempacotamento do instrumento...
  • Page 234 A P P E N D I X D Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s If there is any sign of damage contact the freight carrier immediately. Si vous constatez des signes de dommages quelconques, contactez immédiatement le transporteur.
  • Page 235 A P P E N D I X D Open the wings of the carton and remove the top foam insert. Ouvrez les rabats du carton et retirez les blocs de mousse du haut. Die Klappen des Kartons öffnen und die oberen Schaumeinlagen entfernen.
  • Page 236 A P P E N D I X D Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Never lift the instrument by its covers. Pour soulever l’instrument, ne le tenez jamais par ses couvercles. Niemals das Gerät an den Abdeckungen anheben.
  • Page 237 Installation Installation...
  • Page 239 A P P E N D I X E Introduction It should be noted that the Zetasizer Nano system should initially be commissioned by Malvern trained personnel. This appendix will show how to re-install the system, typically required under the following circumstances: . Moving the instrument.
  • Page 240 A P P E N D I X E Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s . Connect the power cable to the power socket on the rear panel of the in- strument - .
  • Page 241 Regulatory Statements Regulatory Statements...
  • Page 243 A P P E N D I X F CE Declaration of Conformity The CE badge on this product signifies conformance to European Commission Directives. P a g e F . 1...
  • Page 244 N o t e Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Malvern Instruments Limited could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
  • Page 245 Canadian Department of Communications. Note that Canadian Department of Communications (DOC) regulations provide, that changes or modifications not expressly approved by Malvern Instruments Limited could void your authority to operate this equipment. This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
  • Page 246 A P P E N D I X F Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s P a g e F . 4...
  • Page 247 Index Index...

  • Page 249: Canadian Regulatory Information F

    I N D E X Index Cleaning Dip cell 4-8, 15-12 Filling 17° optics 15-11 Flare 13-8 173° optics 13-7 Flowcell 3-10 21 CFR part 11 3-21, 4-24, 8-1 Identification 3-10 icon 3-21 Inserting 4-11 90° optics 2-2, 13-7, 13-8 Molecular weight Size Zeta potential...
  • Page 250 I N D E X Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Cuvette 1-4, 3-12, 4-3 Cleaning 7-2, 7-3 Earth connection A-2, E-2 Glass 4-4, 4-5, 4-6 Earthing Edit menu 3-15 Molecular weight...
  • Page 251 15-7 How to use this manual Benefits 15-9 Huckel approximation 15-5 M3-PALS 15-7 Humidity B-2, C-2 Maintenance Malvern logo / (M) 3-22, 10-1 Malvern personnel Manual measurement 3-2, 4-16 Icon SOP dialogues 4-16 Initialisation routine Mark-Houwink 9-12 Inserting the Cell...
  • Page 252 I N D E X Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Measurement Molecular weight Aborting 4-18 Basic explanation Delay 9-15 Cuvette Display 3-21, 4-17 Debye plot 14-1, 14-4 Duration 9-14, 9-24 Filling the cell...
  • Page 253 I N D E X Optical unit Warnings Optics 17 deg 15-11 173 deg 13-7 Quick guide to making a measurement 90 deg 2-2, 13-7 Option label Oval badge Rayleigh equation 14-2 Rayleigh scattering 14-3 PALS 15-7, 15-10 Rear Panel Parameters Record view 3-20, 5-1, 10-4...
  • Page 254 I N D E X Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Reports (SOP) 9-3, 9-8 Shape model Result calculation (SOP) 9-3, 9-16, 9-25 Site requirements Results 5-5, 5-9, 5-11 Size Editing 4-23...
  • Page 255 I N D E X Size measurements 9-10 Starting 4-15 Tab dialogues 4-18 Trend 9-27 Tables 12-10 Zeta potential measurements 9-22 Temperature SOP dialogues Equilibration 9-14, 9-28 Cell 9-2, 9-7 Operating Export 9-3, 9-9 Range 3-8, B-1 Instructions 9-2, 9-6 SOP settings 9-14, 9-21 9-24...
  • Page 256 I N D E X Z e t a s i z e r N a n o S e r i e s Warning triangle 3-8, 3-10 Warnings Electrical Sample handling Temperature Weight B-1, C-1 What does the Zetasizer Nano do? 2-1 Workspace 3-20, 10-2 Z-average...

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