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ND SatCom SKYWAN IDU 7000 Manual

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  • Page 3 ® SkyWAN Indoor Unit IDU 7000 Series IDU 7000, Software Rel. 7.11 IDU 2570, Software Rel. 7.11 IDU 2070, Software Rel. 7.11 IDU 1070 Series IDU 1070, Software Rel. 1.11 Network Design and Engineering Guide Document Number OM2044E_9400711 Document Revision Revision Date 2010-10-26...
  • Page 4 This document or parts of it may not be reproduced, duplicated or distributed to third parties. Nor may their content be disclosed to third parties without the express written approval of ND SatCom Product GmbH. Misuse will be subject to legal action and fines. All rights to pat- ents and utility models are reserved.

  • Page 5: Manual Conventions

    MANUAL CONVENTIONS There are a few graphical symbols and formatting conventions used to show information clearly arranged and easy to find. Symbol used for Information Symbol is used to notify a user of special or useful information. Action Item Action Items are used to direct the user to execute the steps in the giv- en order for a successful completion of the action.
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  • Page 7: Table Of Contents

    TABLE OF CONTENTS Manual Conventions ..........1 Table of Contents.
  • Page 8 2.3.7 Guaranteed Throughput ........36 Guaranteed Throughput Example Scenarios .
  • Page 9 Path Loss ..........77 Saturation Flux Density (SFD) .
  • Page 10 ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features ......107 ® 4.2.1 SkyWAN IP Router Introduction .......107 ®...

  • Page 11: List Of Tables

    LIST OF TABLES ® Table 1-1 SkyWAN IDU 7000 / 1070 Series Manuals Suite ....17 Table 2-1 IP Voice Call Data Rates ........22 Table 2-2 Frame Relay Voice Call Data Rates .
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  • Page 13: List Of Figures

    LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Overview VSAT Station ........13 Figure 1-2 Overview Design and Engineering Process .
  • Page 14 Figure 2-37 Signal Preparation - Summary ........54 Figure 2-38 Start integrated SkyNMS TDMA Calculator .
  • Page 15 Figure 3-33 Scenario 1 - Downlink Footprint....... . 100 Figure 3-34 Scenario 1 - Ku-Band Transponder Data .
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  • Page 17: Introduction

    Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) structure of SkyWAN car- riers is given. The procedure how to translate customer network traffic requirements into ® an optimized SkyWAN carrier structure is outlined. The ND Satcom Design Tools for this purpose are described. 2010-10-26 Network Design and Engineering Guide...

  • Page 18: Who Should Read This Document

    The ND Satcom Link Budget Tool which can be used to calculate satellite link power re- quirements will be described in this section.The output will be an optimal selection of trans- mitter and antenna types for each earth station.

  • Page 19: Skywan ® Solutions And Benefits

    Introduction ® SkyWAN Solutions and Benefits ® SkyWAN Solutions and Benefits ® SkyWAN uses an MF-TDMA system supporting a variety of satellite network topologies (fully- meshed, hybrid, star). Main network features are: Wide hopping range (from burst to burst) over 800 MHz (transponder hopping) Data rates from 64 kbit/s up to 10 Mbit/s per channel, up to 8 channels are supported Highly dynamic assignment of transmission capacity Integration of real-time and non-real-time applications into a packet switching architecture...

  • Page 20: General Design And Engineering Process

    Introduction General Design and Engineering Process General Design and Engineering Process ® The general design process of a SkyWAN network is an ongoing process starting with com- piling the end user requirements. Result is a cost efficient network, fulfilling the service require- ments defined.

  • Page 21: Related Documents

    ® ® in a SkyWAN Satellite missioning and Operation SkyWAN Satellite Network. Network. Manual to use ND SatCom SkyNMS Explains SkyNMS software con- SkyNMS Network Man- Technical Reference cepts and usage; used for Sky- ® agement System software network configuration and operation tasks.
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  • Page 23: General Carrier Design

    SkyWAN data and voice networking features. The ND SatCom ’Capacity Calculator Tool’ has to be used. discuss how to derive an optimized carrier structure which fulfils the original customer re- quirements with the help of the ND SatCom ’TDMA Calculator’...

  • Page 24: Data And Voice Networking Overview

    General Carrier Design Data and Voice Networking Overview Within the task A2 Carrier Design the network efficiency / TDMA overhead will be determined. The average TDMA overhead is 15%. But as the overhead range is between 5% and 30% it will be worth to elaborate and downsize such ’nasty peanuts’.

  • Page 25: Voice Connections

    General Carrier Design Data and Voice Networking Overview On the receiving station the whole procedure is reversed: Demodulation and decoding, Reassembly of fragments into SLL frames, Replacing of SLL by Ethernet headers (for IP packets), Forwarding of Ethernet (or FR frames) over the Ethernet (or serial) port. Voice connections The requirement for data traffic is generally specified in terms of a required data rate.

  • Page 26: Voice Codecs

    General Carrier Design Data and Voice Networking Overview Voice Codecs The following tables specify the required data rate per call and direction for both VoIP and VoFR calls using the most popular voice codecs. For the user traffic estimation use the tables below: For VoIP connections: use columns ’IP Bit rate w/o ROHC’...

  • Page 27: Essential Skywan ® Satellite Link Layer Features

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features ® The following section discusses the essential properties of a satellite link in a SkyWAN net- work. A proper understanding of the properties and features is essential for a successful net- work design.

  • Page 28: Reception Modes

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Figure 2-5 Data Reception Modes Reception Modes ® In principle a SkyWAN station can operate in any kind of topology. However, to be able to communicate with more than two other stations in the network a ’Regular Data Reception’ (RDR) license is required.

  • Page 29: Master And Slave Functionality

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features 2.3.2 Master and Slave Functionality In a traditional star network the hub station acts as both, a traffic hub and a network manage- ® ment station. In a fully meshed SkyWAN network, the traffic hub functionality is not necessary since all stations can reach their peers directly over the satellite link.

  • Page 30: Active And Backup Master Role

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Time stamps to enable transmission time synchronisation. Feedback to slaves concerning their transmission power settings and frequency offsets. The slave stations use the ranging burst for station registration and initial round trip time (earth station to satellite to earth station) measurement.

  • Page 31: Skywan ® Mf-Tdma Functionality

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features ® 2.3.3 SkyWAN MF-TDMA functionality ® SkyWAN networks are based on a time division technique on multiple carriers which is called ’Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access’ (MF-TDMA). Up to eight carriers can be de- ®...

  • Page 32: Transmit And Receive Carriers

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Figure 2-8 TDMA Frame Structure Please note: a ranging slot is allocated only when a station is entering the network. Transmit and Receive Carriers ® SkyWAN stations receive data on one or two carriers (e.g. IDU7000 with two demodulator boards) .

  • Page 33: Data Slot Time Factors

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features The following restrictions apply: Home Channel One of each station must be one of the carriers containing a reference burst. In figure 2-9 only channel 1 and channel 2 could be configured as Home Channel One.

  • Page 34: Tdma Superframe

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features TDMA Superframe Another TDMA frame option is the definition of a superframe size. By default (superframe size=1) every station has to transmit a request burst in every frame. In a network with many stations this could consume many base slots on the respective carrier leaving few slots left for data bursts.

  • Page 35: Skywan ® Reference Burst Modes

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Figure 2-12 Two Uplink Populations with Cross-Strapped Transponder ® 2.3.5 SkyWAN Reference Burst Modes ® SkyWAN networks support three different reference burst modes: Standard Multiple Reference Burst mode (MRB), Multiple Reference Burst with Dual Uplink Beam (MRB-DUB), No Direct Feedback on Reference Burst with Dual Uplink Beam (NFB-DUB).

  • Page 36: Nfb-Dub Mode

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features A graphical representation of a 3 carrier MRB-DUB network is given in figure 2-13. For both MRB modes, the master stations must be able to receive their own bursts on carrier 1. Figure 2-13 MRB-DUB Frame of a 3 Carrier Network NFB-DUB Mode...

  • Page 37: Capacity Request And Allocation For User Data

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Despite its numerous limitations NFB-DUB mode is a better choice than MRB-DUB mode if A single star topology is sufficient, Master and slave stations are located in different satellite beams interconnected via a cross-strapped transponder.

  • Page 38: Ranging Subframe

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features having to request the capacity first. This mechanism is only available for non real-time data! Figure 2-16 Free Slot Assignment Ranging Subframe The ranging subframe is a number of consecutive slots allocated to slave stations which are not yet registered in the network.

  • Page 39: Dynamic Slots

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features To minimize jitter for real time applications the allocation of stream slots for a station will be done as presented in figure 2-18. Once the capacity is allocated the position of the assigned stream slots in the frame will be maintained.

  • Page 40: Guaranteed Throughput

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features 2.3.7 Guaranteed Throughput By default every station is treated identically concerning the allocation of capacity. Optionally it is possible to define a guaranteed throughput for specific stations on specific carriers. If re- quested for, the master must allocate these slots even, if it has to reject requests from other stations.

  • Page 41: Scenario 1

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Scenario 1 Both IDU1 and IDU2 are configured for stream mode Normal. The traffic mix (see figure 2-20) consists of: A non real-time IP based PC application with a bidirectional bandwidth requirement of 128 kbps between these two stations.

  • Page 42: Scenario 2

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Scenario 2 Both IDU1 and IDU2 are configured for stream mode Normal. The traffic mix (see figure 2-21) consists of: A real-time IP based PC application with a bidirectional bandwidth requirement of 128 kbps between these two stations.

  • Page 43: Scenario 3

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Scenario 3 Both IDU1 and IDU2 are configured for stream mode Stream within Guaranteed Through- put. The traffic mix (see figure 2-22) consists of: A non real-time IP based PC application with a bidirectional bandwidth requirement of 128 kbps between these two stations.

  • Page 44: Scenario 4

    General Carrier Design ® Essential SkyWAN Satellite Link Layer Features Scenario 4 Both IDU1 and IDU2 are configured for stream mode Stream within Guaranteed Through- put. The traffic mix (see figure 2-23) consists of: A real-time IP based PC application with a bidirectional bandwidth requirement of 128 kbps between these two stations.

  • Page 45: Network Traffic Estimation

    General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation For all scenarios this reduced flexibility only applies to real-time bandwidth served by streaming slots. For non real-time services the master can allocate any unused slot to any requesting station even if this slot is located within the private bandwidth pool of another station.

  • Page 46: Traffic Estimation Example Scenario

    General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation Voice traffic has in principle the same nature as real-time data traffic. However it has a few characteristics requiring a different treatment concerning the traffic estimation: Individual voice calls consume a relative low bandwidth, but there are many simultaneous calls possible.

  • Page 47: Summarize Example Traffic

    General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation Figure 2-25 Traffic Estimation Scenario Fame RelayTraffic The traffic patterns show a network which basically constitutes a double-hub star network. Keep in mind that the real network topology might still be partially or fully meshed. For the traffic estimation in most cases it is enough to consider the most important traffic flows.

  • Page 48: Capacity Calculation Tool

    2.4.1 Capacity Calculation Tool To calculate the traffic requirement for the whole network a spreadsheet like the ’ND SatCom Academy Capacity Calculator’ may be used which will be presented in the following pages. The capacity calculator is an Excel tool which consists of several worksheets:...

  • Page 49: Erlang B Calculation Worksheet

    General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation quirement is as follows: Two bidirectional video conferences with 256 kbps per direction should be simultaneously possible in the network. Each conference should be set up between one head office (type 1 station) and one small site (type 4 station). The assignment of 256 kbps for each station of type 1 is still correct.

  • Page 50: Figure 2-28 Traffic Calculation Example - Erlang B Worksheet

    General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation higher than the acceptable value, the number of voice channels has to be incremented until the blocking probability fulfils the requirement. In the example figure 2-28, 51 voice channels are required to achieve a blocking probability below 1.5%. Figure 2-28 Traffic Calculation Example - Erlang B Worksheet Generally the number of users is derived from the number of voice interfac-...

  • Page 51: Voice Traffic Flow Worksheet

    General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation a specific carrier, i.e. how many stations have this carrier configured as their home channel. The traffic requirement for this carrier can be derived by adding up the station traffic require- ments of all stations assigned to this carrier. Voice Traffic Flow Worksheet The Erlang B calculation estimates the voice traffic for the whole network.

  • Page 52: Figure 2-30 Traffic Calculation Example - Carrier Configuration Worksheet

    General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation Figure 2-30 Traffic Calculation Example - Carrier Configuration Worksheet Note that a general restriction is that master stations must be assigned to carrier 1. In star to- pology networks the hub station must be assigned to a different carrier than the star terminals. In many cases the optimal station distribution for a multi carrier solution is generating carriers with almost equal data rate requirements.

  • Page 53: Limitations Of The Traffic Estimation Approach

    General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation Figure 2-31 Traffic Calculation Example - Carrier Config. with Network Traffic For the two carrier solution the 512 kbps real-time bandwidth must be allocated to carrier 2 be- cause the small sites (station type 4) are all assigned to this carrier. For the three carrier solu- tion the small sites are divided in two subgroups, one is using carrier 2 and the other carrier 3.
  • Page 54 General Carrier Design Network Traffic Estimation timate data requirements in transmit direction separately. This argument holds as long as the transmission of data is evenly distributed among the stations, which is typically the case for a meshed network. It may not be valid however, if the transmission is concentrated on few or only one station, like in the case of a single hub star network.

  • Page 55: From User Traffic To Satellite Link Carriers

    Taking these steps into account, it is possible to derive the required carrier bandwidth from the user data rate on the IP or Frame Relay network level. This calculation is no trivial task, but is supported by the “ND Satcom TDMA Calculator Tool” which will be discussed in the next sec- tion.

  • Page 56: Figure 2-33 Gross Container Information Content

    General Carrier Design From User Traffic to Satellite Link Carriers Figure 2-33 Gross Container Information Content 3. So far we have determined the information content of a gross container. This information is protected by adding redundancy bits which allow the receiver to detect and correct a certain ratio of bit errors generated during the transmission over the satellite link.

  • Page 57: Figure 2-35 Modulated Gross Container

    General Carrier Design From User Traffic to Satellite Link Carriers Figure 2-35 Modulated Gross Container 6. Not all timeslots carry bursts which have been constructed from user data. Depending on ® the reference burst mode (see chapter 2.3.3 “SkyWAN MF-TDMA”) some carriers include reference or request bursts.

  • Page 58: Summary

    General Carrier Design From User Traffic to Satellite Link Carriers Generally a selection of 0.2 for the roll-off factor will save bandwidth on the satellite transpond- er. Smaller roll-off factors mean increased signal power ripples in the time domain which might pose a problem if transmitters on the earth stations or the satellite are operated close to the saturation power level.

  • Page 59: Tdma Carrier Design With 'Tdma Calculator

    ’ND SatCom Products GmbH TDMA Calculator’: open application by double- click on desktop icon or via ’Start -> Programs -> ND SatCom Products GmbH -> TDMA Calculator -> ND SatComs Products GmbH TDMA Calculator’. The calculated output pa- rameter can be exported and copied into the relevant configuration profile parameter.

  • Page 60: Figure 2-39 Tdma Calculator Gui

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ The GUI is providing one main screen for general parameter (left hand) and channel specific parameter (right hand), each with an input and an output are. The input parameter section specifies the values to use; in the output parameter section the results are shown after a cal- culation is performed.

  • Page 61: Section 'General Data Input

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ 2.6.1 Section ’General Data Input’ The parameters in the fields of the ’General Data Input’ section have the following meaning: ’Minimum TDMA frame time’: Fill in the target value for the TDMA frame time, i.e. the time in- ®...

  • Page 62: Parameter Summary

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ ® ’Roll-off factor’: Minimum distance between two SkyWAN carriers. This value is used to cal- culate the frequency bandwidth of a carrier: frequency bandwidth = symbol rate * (1 + roll-off factor). 2.6.1.1 Parameter Summary Parameter Name...

  • Page 63: Section 'Data Input Per Frequency Channel

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ Parameter Name Definition Number of downlink popula- Master stations transmits TDMA and network information in the ref- tions erence burst to all stations on a defined carrier. All stations receiving the reference burst on the same carrier belong to the same 'Downlink Population (DPL)'.

  • Page 64: Parameter Summary

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ ’% of User Data Rate’ must be defined. In the case of ’1- FR voice’, select the FAD voice codec to get the packet length automatically. The same is due for the ’4-VoIP’ field: select the VoIP codec and get the predefined packet length automatically.
  • Page 65 General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ Parameter Name Definition Modem data rate [kbit/s] Type in the information rate, excluding error correction bits and syn- chronization patterns for the given channel. Type in for each channel. Modulation scheme Select the modulation scheme for each channel: QPSK, 8PSK.

  • Page 66: Area 'General Data Output

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ Parameter Name Definition (Time slot sizing) Select '1' ruled by The base gross container size and slot time factor is defined in that way that the resulting data rate per slot assignment will support the transport of one or multiple Frame Relay voice calls per slot.

  • Page 67: Area 'Data Output Per Frequency Channel

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ Parameter Name Definition Length base gross container Displays the size of the base gross container of channel 1 with data [byte] slot length = 1, optimized for the specified traffic. Traffic is sent over satellite in coded gross container packages. A base gross container holds the traffic data plus some overhead (e.g.
  • Page 68 General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ For the definition of the user data refer to chapter 2.5. The spectral efficiency is represented by two definitions: Efficiency per symbol = user data rate / symbol rate. Efficiency per Hz = user data rate / frequency bandwidth. The difference between these definitions is given by the carrier spacing factor.

  • Page 69: Parameter Summary

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ 2.6.4.1 Parameter Summary Parameter Name Definition User data rate [kbit/s] Displays the user data rate for each channel. Symbol rate [kBaud] Displays the symbol rate for each channel. Eb/N0 [dB] Displays required Eb/N0 for the selected modulation scheme, FEC code rate and gross container size for the given channel.

  • Page 70: Exporting And Importing Tdma Calculator Values

    General Carrier Design TDMA Carrier Design with ’TDMA Calculator’ 2.6.5 Exporting and Importing TDMA Calculator Values Depending on the tool version, there are two differerent ways for exporting/importing the TDMA calculation values: ’TDMA Calculator’ standalone tool: Select from the main menu ’File’ the entry ’Export’ to create an XML file which contains all input and output parameter.

  • Page 71: From Capacity Estimation To Tdma Structure

    General Carrier Design From Capacity Estimation to TDMA Structure From Capacity Estimation to TDMA Structure ® In chapter 2.4 the procedures to estimate the user traffic for a SkyWAN network and for indi- ® vidual SkyWAN carriers were discussed. The TDMA Calculator tool allows the calculation of a TDMA frame structure which fulfils the estimated requirements and which is optimized for the applications used on the network.

  • Page 72: One Carrier Solution

    General Carrier Design From Capacity Estimation to TDMA Structure One Carrier Solution Besides the values provided by the Capacity Calculation tool we make the following additional assumptions: Reference burst mode: MRB. Frame time min: 109 ms (should lead to an actual frame time close to the target value of 110 ms).

  • Page 73: Optimized Three Carrier Solution

    General Carrier Design From Capacity Estimation to TDMA Structure Figure 2-43 TDMA Calculator with Optimized 1 Carrier Solution Optimized Three Carrier Solution A similar procedure can be used to optimize TDMA frames for multiple carrier solutions. We present here an optimized solution for the 3 carrier network for which the user data rates have also be estimated by the Capacity Calculation presented at the beginning of this section.

  • Page 74: Figure 2-44 Tdma Calculator Output For Optimized 3 Carrier Solution

    General Carrier Design From Capacity Estimation to TDMA Structure ® supported range of maximal allowed slots on SkyWAN . Although this smaller slot size will result in a smaller numerical efficiency due to an increased TDMA overhead, the over- all network efficiency is typically higher. The reason for this is that stations, which require e.g.
  • Page 75 General Carrier Design From Capacity Estimation to TDMA Structure The resulting user data rates for every carrier match the requirements which we have calculat- ed with the capacity calculation sheet before. The available Eb/No for a carrier is actually a quantity which can only be determined by a link budget calculation procedure, which will be explained in the following section of this guide.
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  • Page 77: Outdoor Unit And Satellite Link Design

    TDMA carriers from user traffic requirements. In this chapter we discuss how to perform ® link budget calculation for SkyWAN networks using the ND Satcom Link Budget tool and how to optimize links and the outdoor equipment of earth stations. The next steps in the engineering process are the choice of a suitable satellite rsp.

  • Page 78: Calculate Link Budget

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Satellite Beam Footprints Calculate Link Budget The satellite transponder parameters together with the results of the TDMA calculation (TDMA carrier modem rates, modulation and channel codings ) allow the calculation of the satellite link budget.

  • Page 79: Satellite Choice Considerations

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Satellite Beam Footprints The white contour lines represent areas with a specific signal intensity expressed in terms of Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power [dBW]. The yellow contour lines specify the earth station elevation angle [°]. Figure 3-3 SES World Skies NSS-7 Satellite Spot Beam Footprint Satellite Choice Considerations...

  • Page 80: Fundamentals Of Link Budget Calculation

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Fundamentals of Link Budget Calculation Fundamentals of Link Budget Calculation This section is not supposed to be an extensive description of the techniques of link budget calculations. For that purpose we refer to the available text book literature covering this subject. The reader should however have a qualitative understanding how earth station and satellite pa- rameters affect the quality of a satellite link.

  • Page 81: Path Loss

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Fundamentals of Link Budget Calculation Path Loss Due to the very long distance earth station – satellite (> 36000 km) only a small fraction of the radiated power will be picked up by the receive antenna of the earth station or the satellite. This signal attenuation is called the free space path loss a and depends on both the distance Path...

  • Page 82: Power Equivalent Bandwidth

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Fundamentals of Link Budget Calculation ® The required SkyWAN IDU 7000 Eb/No levels for different carrier modulation and coding val- ® ues are both contained in the TDMA calculation tool and the SkyWAN link budget tool. For a brief discussion we have a look at 3 different values for a satellite link with a bit error rate <...

  • Page 83: Rain Fade

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Fundamentals of Link Budget Calculation bandwidth. As long as the summary PEB for all carriers is still smaller than the summary band- width of all carriers, no extra space segment has to be leased for the carriers with high power requirement.

  • Page 84: Rain Margin And Uplink Power Control

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Fundamentals of Link Budget Calculation link availability of 99.9% will result in a higher rain margin compared to an availability of only 98%. The following picture presents an overview of ITU-T rain zones in Europe and Northern Africa: Figure 3-5 ITU-T Rainzones Europe and North-Africa...

  • Page 85: Figure 3-6 Attenuation Under Maximum Rain Fade Condition

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Fundamentals of Link Budget Calculation Figure 3-6 Attenuation under maximum Rain Fade Condition and X represent the required EIRP for the transmitting earth station and the satellite transponder without rain fade. is the minimum Eb/No level for the given carrier modulation and coding. If we are operating the earth stations with constant power level, the transmitting earth station would still use the same power even after the rain fade has disappeared, refer to figure 3-7.

  • Page 86: Considerations For Skywan ® Link Budget Calculations

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® Considerations for SkyWAN Link Budget Calculations Figure 3-8 Power Conditions with Uplink Power Control Note that a further reduction to the minimum power requirement for clear sky conditions X possible but unnecessary. This functionality is generally called “Uplink Power Control (UPC)” and is implemented in Sky- ®...

  • Page 87: Downlink Optimization

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® Considerations for SkyWAN Link Budget Calculations ment must be calculated to transmit signals with sufficient quality to all reachable remote sta- tions on their respective home channels. For a master and backup master station this must include all stations in the network because the reference burst has to be sent to every station in the network.

  • Page 88: Uplink Optimization

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® Considerations for SkyWAN Link Budget Calculations ® In a SkyWAN network the maximum possible modulation and coding of a carrier will be de- termined by the weakest station within a downlink population, i.e. the station with the lowest Eb/No.

  • Page 89: Skywan

    ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool ® To simplify link budget calculations for SkyWAN networks, ND Satcom provides a spread- sheet which contains the necessary formulas to calculate power requirements for earth stations ® in SkyWAN networks. ®...

  • Page 90: Satellite Data Worksheets (Ku- And C-Band)

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool 3.5.1 Satellite Data Worksheets (Ku- and C-Band) The tool contains a satellite data sheets for defining C-Band and Ku-Band transponder. Figure 3-11 Link Budget Tool - Satellite Data Worksheet(s) For C-Band transponders the link polarization (circular/linear/unknown) must be specified, whereas the for Ku-Band linear polarization is assumed.

  • Page 91: Antenna Data Worksheets (Ku- And C-Band)

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool 3.5.2 Antenna Data Worksheets (Ku- and C-Band) The tool contains antenna data sheets for antennas in C-Band and Ku-Band. Figure 3-12 Link Budget Tool - Antenna Data Worksheet(s) For both antenna types, antenna parameters like Tx/Rx gain, Tx insertion loss, Noise temper- ature for LNA and antenna at elevation angles 0-90°...

  • Page 92: Stations Worksheet

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool 3.5.3 Stations Worksheet Calculation Name) Figure 3-14 Link Budget Tool - Station Worksheet The station worksheet allows the storage of up to 23 network data. Use pre-defined Network Data To use pre-defined network data for the actual link budget calculation select the appropiate name by the pull-down menu ’Select Calculation here’.

  • Page 93: Output Back-Off

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool Step (3) For each network up to 20 earth station parameter sets may be defined: - “Location”: Each earth station is identified by a unique location name. The first column is reserved for one master station, because the home channel of this sta- tion is fixed to carrier 1.

  • Page 94: Stations With 2 Demodulator Boards

    (SSPAs) are given by the table table 3-4. Note that if the amplifier’s power class is not defined by the saturation level but the 1 dB com- pression point (like for ND Satcom RFT 5000 series), no output back-off is required for single carrier operation.

  • Page 95: Tx Amplifier Worksheet

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool 3.5.4 Tx Amplifier Worksheet In the TxAmp sheet the available amplifier power classes for Ku- and C-Band can be defined. Note that power classes have to be defined in ascending order. Besides defining the power classes it is also possible to specify the maximum power class available for SSPA amplifier types for Ku- and C-Band (input field markde in figure 3-18).

  • Page 96: Summary Worksheet

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool 3.5.5 Summary Worksheet Input Figure 3-18 Link Budget Tool - Summary Worksheet Input The input section of the summary sheet allows the definition of the carrier parameters for all ®...

  • Page 97: Output

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool figure 3-18. Step (5) The link calculation is triggered by pressing Ctrl-e or using the button on the upper left corner of the Summary sheet. Output The main output section consists of 2 parts: Figure 3-19 Link Budget Tool - Summary Worksheet Uplink The first part calculates power requirements for all stations to a specific downlink which can be...

  • Page 98: Figure 3-21 Link Budget Tool - Summary Worksheet Up- And Downlinks

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool in the TxAmp sheet. At the end of the general output field the ’Commercial Aspects for SkyWAN’ output represents the power requirement on the satellite transponder caused by the downlink to a specific station.

  • Page 99: Optional Link Filter For Complex Topologies

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool Optional Link Filter for Complex Topologies Normally the link budget tool calculates either meshed networks or star networks with up to two hub stations. More complex topologies like hybrid or multi-hub star networks may be defined by the link filter matrix at the bottom of the summary sheet.

  • Page 100: Transponder Data

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool Figure 3-23 MRB-Dub Network Overview As an example a link budget calculation for a network with stations located in Europe and Africa (ULA1) and America (ULA2) is presented. The transponders used for this network are served by the hemispherical beams on the SES World Skies Satellite NSS-7 (cf.

  • Page 101: Hub Stations

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool Hub Stations The master and backup master station must be defined with 2 demodulator boards with the home channels carrier 1 and 2: Figure 3-26 MRB DUB Network - Hub Stations UpLink Area 1 (ULA1) The slave stations of ULA1 use carrier 1 for the primary demodulator.

  • Page 102: Uplink Area 2 (Ula2)

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool UpLink Area 2 (ULA2) Finally the slave stations in ULA2 use carrier 2 for the primary reception channel. Any station which wants to communicate directly to other ULA2 stations must also have a second reception channel on carrier 4.

  • Page 103: Link Calculations

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design ® SkyWAN Link Budget Calculation Tool Link Calculations The following links will be calculated by the link budget tool: For the master stations links to all other stations will be calculated. For slave stations in ULA1 links to all other stations in ULA1 will be calculated. Additionally for slave stations with second reception channel on carrier 2 also links to all stations in ULA2 will be calculated.

  • Page 104: Link Budget Examples

    The first scenario is a fully meshed 5 station network located in a Ku-Band spot beam over Eu- rope and North Africa. Possible amplifier types should be ND Satcom RFT 5000 Ku-Band with 8, 20 or 30 Watt. Master stations should be located in Berlin and Madrid.

  • Page 105: Satellite Transponder Data

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Link Budget Examples Satellite Transponder Data Figure 3-34 Scenario 1 - Ku-Band Transponder Data Antenna Data Figure 3-35 Scenario 1 - Ku-Band Antenna Data Optimizations The result of user traffic and TDMA calculation for this network was a total modem data rate requirement of 8625 kbps.

  • Page 106: Table 3-6 Scenario 1 - Carrier Coding And Bandwidth

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Link Budget Examples For the stations as a first try we use 2.4m antennas on every site. Then the station parameters are given by: Figure 3-36 Scenarion 1 - 2 Carrier Solution Stations Now we calculate the link budget under the constraint that the power requirement for every site should not exceed 30 W.

  • Page 107: Link Budget Calculation Result Analysis

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Link Budget Examples Link Budget Calculation Result Analysis Modulation and coding of both carriers is limited by the earth station in Casablanca which is located in a weaker part of the satellite footprint. Any increase of modulation and coding on carrier 1 and carrier 2 would increase the power requirement in Casablanca beyond 30 W.

  • Page 108: Compare Scenarios

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Link Budget Examples Therefore, the modulation and coding on this carrier can be increased, leading to the following carrier coding and bandwidth: Star Network Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Total bandwidth re- quired ( carrier spac- ing = 1.2) [KHz] Modulation 8PSK...

  • Page 109: Conclusion

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Link Budget Examples Using a 3.8m antenna for the Casablanca earth station we can achieve the following modula- tion and coding parameters: Star Network; Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Total bandwidth re- 3.8 m Antenna quired ( carrier spac- Casablanca ing = 1.2) [KHz]...

  • Page 110: Scenario 3: Ku-Band 5 Stations Star Network With 3 Hubs

    Outdoor Unit and Satellite Link Design Link Budget Examples 3.6.3 Scenario 3: Ku-Band 5 Stations Star Network with 3 Hubs Finally we consider a slightly different scenario by assuming that now the station in Rome should also operate as a hub station for the network. Therefore, the home channel for Rome is changed to carrier 1.

  • Page 111: Data Networking

    Data Networking Introduction DATA NETWORKING ® A brief description of the data networking protocols supported on the SkyWAN IDU was given in chapter 2.2. This introduction was necessary to understand the user data rate requirements needed as an input for the user traffic estimation. Introduction ®...
  • Page 112 Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features The physical layer is represented on the terrestrial side by standard Ethernet LAN ports and a EIA-232 serial port for the serv- ice; ® for the satellite interface by the SkyWAN IDU modulator and demodulators MF-TDMA functionality.

  • Page 113: Skywan ® Idu 7000 Series Interfaces

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features ® SkyWAN IDU 7000 Series Interfaces ® The figure 4-1 below represents an overview of the IP protocol stack of the SkyWAN 7000 series. ® Figure 4-1 SkyWAN IP Protocol Stack IDU 7000 series Interface Number Interface Name User or Management Plane...

  • Page 114: Table 4-2 Ip Interface Usage Of Idu 1070

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features ® IDU 1070 Interfaces ® Figure 4-2 SkyWAN IP Protocol Stack IDU 1070 Inter- Port Interface Name User or Management Plane face Number Number LAN1 User Traffic LAN2 User Traffic LAN2 User Traffic LAN4 Management Sat-UT1;...

  • Page 115: Basic Ip Network Topologies

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features 4.2.2 Basic IP Network Topologies ® The basic IP network topology of a fully meshed SkyWAN network is displayed in figure 4-3. ® Figure 4-3 SkyWAN Meshed IP Data and Management Network ® Each SkyWAN IDU is connected via its Ethernet interface(s) to a local LAN IP network.

  • Page 116: Static Routing

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features ® Figure 4-4 SkyWAN Hybrid IP Data and Management Network For simplicity the station’s LAN networks have been removed from the diagram, only the IP over satellite networks are displayed. Like in the previous example, all the meshed stations are connected via their Sat-UT1 (SatOne) interfaces to a common meshed core IP subnetwork.

  • Page 117: Static Routing In A Star Network

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features Up to 600 static routes can be configured per station. Redistribution of static routes over the network (by means of OSPF) is possible. Static routes have precedence over dynamic OSPF routes. Static Routing in a Star Network IP connectivity between two star terminals in a star network may be enabled by defining static routes via the hub station.

  • Page 118: Dynamic Routing With Ospf

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features 4.2.4 Dynamic Routing with OSPF ® Besides static IP routing the SkyWAN IDU supports the dynamic routing protocol ’Open Short- est Path First’ (OSPF) Version 2, as specified in RFC 2328. In general dynamic routing messages create a higher protocol overhead. But if the routing to- pology is static, OSPF messages do not create a high load on the network.

  • Page 119: Load Balancing For Ip Unicast Traffic

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features 4.2.5 Load Balancing for IP Unicast Traffic The dynamic load balancing feature helps to equalize the utilization of multiple frequency chan- ® nels of a SkyWAN network. Note that this feature is available for IP unicast only, dynamic load balancing for IP multicast or frame relay services is not supported.

  • Page 120: Equalizing Path Costs For Ospf Networks

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features 4.2.6 Equalizing Path Costs for OSPF Networks In OSPF routing networks each router interface has an assigned cost metric value. The short- est path first algorithm determines the optimal path to any reachable destination by minimizing the summary cost metric.

  • Page 121: Ip Multicast Forwarding

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features 4.2.7 IP Multicast Forwarding ® Beside unicast traffic the SkyWAN IDU supports IP multicast services, i.e. traffic flows going to a group of recipients. The IP address range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 is reserved for IP multicast services.

  • Page 122: Ip Service Differentiation (Quality Of Service)

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features allowed on these channels. For each entry in the multicast forwarding table which defines a multicast flow which should be received on the secondary demodulator in FMCA mode, the reception channel and a priority must be defined.

  • Page 123: Figure 4-7 Mapping Of Forwarding Behaviours To Transmit Queues

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features The following figure 4-7 presents an overview over all available forwarding behaviors and their mapping to the IP transmit queues. Figure 4-7 Mapping of Forwarding Behaviours to Transmit Queues Generally three traffic types can be distinguished: IP Real time traffic: Forwarding behaviors Platinum and Platinum Dynamic define IP real time traffic flows which are mapped to the transmit queues IP Real Time 1 and 2.

  • Page 124: Gold-Tcp-A, Gold, Silver, Bronze, Default

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features Gold-TCP-A, Gold, Silver, Bronze, Default All of these forwarding behaviors are mapped to the same transmit queue, i.e. they have the same transmit priority. However, packets belonging to a specific forwarding behaviors will only be accepted in the queue if its filling level is below a forwarding behavior dependent threshold, otherwise packets will be discarded (refer to table 4-3).

  • Page 125: Platinum Dynamic

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features Platinum Dynamic The Platinum Dynamic forwarding aggregate defines a ’on demand’ real time traffic flow. Ca- pacity allocation is not done permanently but only if packets matching the aggregate’s definition are received on the Ethernet port. If the traffic flow stops for more than a configurable timeout period, the capacity is automatically released by the station.

  • Page 126: Robust Header Compression

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features 4.2.9 Robust Header Compression ® For IP flows mapped to a Platinum Dynamic aggregate the SkyWAN IDU may perform Robust ® Header Compression (RoHC) according to the RFC 3095. SkyWAN applies unidirectional mode without feedback. Especially for VoIP connections header compression may save a sub- stantial part of the bandwidth.

  • Page 127: Transmission Control Protocol Acceleration (Tcp-A)

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features The following figure 4-8 gives an overview of the necessary steps for header compression. Figure 4-8 RoHC Feature Overview If the compressor station detects that the IP flow mapped to a Platinum Dynamic aggregate can be compressed it will prepend the IP packet for the next 2 packets with a RoHC header.

  • Page 128: Figure 4-9 Tcp-A Feature Overview

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Internet Protocol Features errors are more common on satellite links compared to terrestrial fibre optic links, this feature can reduce TCP throughput even further. ® To overcome these protocol drawbacks the SkyWAN IDU supports a TCP acceleration func- tionality which is characterized by two main features: Large window size (600 kByte);...

  • Page 129: Skywan Frame Relay Networking Features

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Frame Relay Networking Features ® SkyWAN Frame Relay Networking Features ® On the serial user ports of the UIM board SkyWAN IDU supports Frame Relay networking. The IDU acts as a Frame Relay switch, providing a User-to-Network (UNI) or Network-to-Net- work (NNI) service on these interfaces.

  • Page 130: Basic Frame Relay Services

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Frame Relay Networking Features 4.3.2 Basic Frame Relay Services Basic Frame Relay is supported according to the Frame Relay Forum standards FRF 1.2 (UNI) and FRF 2.2 (NNI). Frame Relay Connectivity is based on the configuration of Permanent Vir- ®...

  • Page 131: Fr Communication Services And Quality Of Service

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Frame Relay Networking Features 4.3.3 FR Communication Services and Quality of Service ® SkyWAN networks supports 3 different generic Frame Relay communication services: Realtime Realtime Dynamic Non-Realtime ® Besides these generic services there is also a special communication service SkyWAN ®...

  • Page 132: Skywan ® Fad Service

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Frame Relay Networking Features For FR Realtime Dynamic services allocation will happen when the first user packet is received on the PVC. If no user packets are received for a configured timeout period, the capacity will be automatically released. If the necessary streaming capacity cannot be allocated due to carrier congestion, the Real- time PVC will be declared inactive, user traffic will then be discarded at ingress.

  • Page 133: Realtime Service For Isochronous Frad Ports

    Data Networking ® SkyWAN Frame Relay Networking Features Committed Burst Size (Bc) Excess Burst Size (Be) If traffic shaping is enabled on a serial port, the received data volume within a measurement period Tc = Bc/CIR is monitored on each PVC. Received packets will be accepted for forwarding to satellite if the received data volume for a measurement period is <...
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  • Page 135: Summary And Design Implementation

    Summary and Design Implementation SUMMARY AND DESIGN IMPLEMENTA- TION In chapter 2 the task has been discussed, how to design SkyWAN carriers to be optimally sized to fulfill customer traffic requirements. The major result of this calculation are the modem data rates for the individual SkyWAN carriers (which are used as input for the link budget calcula- tion), to determine the optimal carrier modulation and coding and the required outdoor unit equipment.
  • Page 136 Summary and Design Implementation fined if required. - Frame Relay Networking: - Port definition: Type and service of the required application has to be defined on the IDU serial port. - Local management interface (LMI) has to be defined according to the require- ment of the connected Frame Relay device.

  • Page 137: Appendix A - What's New In This Manual

    Appendix A - What’s new in this manual APPENDIX A - WHAT’S NEW IN THIS MAN- ® The following table highlights the changes in this manual release. Please refer to the SkyWAN System Description for more information about new features in this release. Number Item Description...
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  • Page 139: Appendix B - Abbreviations

    Appendix B - Abbreviations APPENDIX B - ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning Automatic Frequency Control Address Resolution Protocol ASBR Autonomous System Boundary Router Backup Designated Router Backward Error Correction Bit Error Rate BERT Bit Error Rate Test Convolutional Code Rate Signal to Noise Ration Cyclic Redundancy Check Continuous Wave Direct Current...
  • Page 140 Appendix B - Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning Forwarding Aggregate Frame Relay Access Device Forwarding Behavior Forward Error Correction FMCA Flexible Multicast Channel Assignment Frame Plan Generator Front Power Supply Frame Relay ® SkyWAN Frame Relay Access Device. FRAD generic Frame Relay Access Devcice. Frame Relay Forum File Transfer Protocol Global System for Mobile communications...
  • Page 141 Appendix B - Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning Light Emitting Diode Low Noise Amplifier M&C Monitoring & Control Media Access Control MAPNet Management Access Point for Network Management MAPNode Management Access Point for Node Management Multi-Frequency MF-TDMA Multi Frequency - Time Division Multiple Access Management Information Base Modulator Multiple Reference Burst...
  • Page 142 Appendix B - Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying Redundancy Control Unit Regular Data Reception Radio Frequency Request for Comment Radio Frequency Receiver Radio Frequency Transmitter Routing Information Protocol RoHC Robust Header Compression Real-Time Round Trip Delay Real-Time Transport Protocol Round Trip Time Receive Satellite Access Subsystem...
  • Page 143 Appendix B - Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning Transmission Control Protocol TCP-A TCP Accelerator TDMA Time Division Multiple Access Transmit Power Control Type of Service Time to Live Transmit TWTA Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier User Datagram Protocol Uplink Frequency Control User Interface Module Uplink Uplink Area VoFR...
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  • Page 145: Appendix C - Glossary

    Appendix C - Glossary APPENDIX C - GLOSSARY Term Definition Antenna For satellite communication over geosynchronous satellites parabolic reflector antennas are used. Backup Master A slave station that is ready in terms of hardware, software and configuration to take over the role of a master station. See also Master Station.
  • Page 146 Appendix C - Glossary Term Definition Downlink Transmission of a signal from the satellite to the earth station. Digital Video Enhanced version of the DVB S satellite broadband transmis- Broadcasting_Satellite sion standard with forward error correction and modulation _Second Generation (DVB specifications.
  • Page 147 Appendix C - Glossary Term Definition Intermediate Frequency From radio frequency (RF) down converted signal frequency ® (IF) used on the link between IDU and ODU. In a SkyWAN net- work L-Band is used as intermediate frequency. Interface Set of definitions to describe the communication boundary be- tween two systems or entities (seen as black boxes).
  • Page 148 Appendix C - Glossary Term Definition Modem A piece of network equipment containing a modulator and de- modulator for receiving or transmitting satellite signals. See ® SkyWAN IDU. Modulation The encoding of a carrier wave by amplitude or frequency or phase.
  • Page 149 (dou- ble hop). ® Slave Any SkyWAN IDU which is not assigned the active master role. SkyNMS ND SatCom’s Network Management System for central config- ® uration, operation and monitoring of SkyWAN networks. 2010-10-26 Network Design and Engineering Guide...
  • Page 150 SkyWAN network. ® ® SkyWAN ND SatCom SkyWAN is an MF-TDMA VSAT system that supports voice, video and data applications in the most band- width- and cost-effective manner. Main functionality is provid- ® ed by the SkyWAN IDU series.

  • Page 151: Appendix D - Install Tdma Calculator Standalone Tool

    Appendix D - Install TDMA Calculator Standalone Tool Hardware Requirements APPENDIX D - INSTALL TDMA CALCULA- TOR STANDALONE TOOL Beside the TDMA Calculation tool, integrated in the Network Configurator of SkyNMS, a stan- dalone tool is available. In the following chapters hard- and software requirements as well as installation description is provided.

  • Page 152: Install Tdma Calculator Standalone Tool

    TDMA Calculator Standalone Tool is started without login procedure. Start TDAM Calculator either from the windows start menu ‘Start -> Programs -> ND SatCom Products GmbH -> TDMA Calculator -> ND SatCom Products GmbH TDMA Calculator ’ or double-click the desktop icon.
  • Page 154 www.ndsatcom.com...

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