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Keithley 2700 User Manual

Keithley 2700 User Manual

Multimeter/switch system

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Model 2700

Multimeter/Switch System

User's Manual

2700-900-01 Rev. J / August 2011

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Summary of Contents for Keithley 2700

Page 1 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual 2700-900-01 Rev. J / August 2011...
Page 2 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual 2011, Keithley Instruments, Inc. All rights reserved. Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Document Number: 2700-900-01 Rev. J...
Page 4: Safety Precautions
Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, perform safe installations, and repair products. Only properly trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures. Keithley Instruments products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Measurement Category I and Measurement Category II, as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 60664.
Page 5 themselves from the risk of electric shock. If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000V, no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed. Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance- limited sources.
Page 6 (note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product). If you are unsure about the applicability of a replacement component, call a Keithley Instruments office for information.
Page 8: Table Of Contents
Getting Started General information ................. Contact information ................Safety symbols and terms ..............Inspection ..................Options and accessories ..............Model 2700 features ................. Plug-in switching modules ............... Pseudocards ..................Identifying installed switching modules ......... 1-10 Front and rear panel familiarization ............
Page 9 4-wire functions (paired channels) ............ Controlling the system channel ............Non-amp and non-measure switching modules ......2-14 Multiple channel operation ..............2-16 Controlling multiple channels ............2-17 Multiple channel operation anomalies ..........2-22 Dual independent multiplexers ............2-24 Identifying installed modules and viewing closed channels ....2-28 CARD menu ..................
Page 10 Thermistors ..................3-35 4-wire RTDs ..................3-36 Connections ..................3-36 Temperature measurement configuration ........3-40 Temperature measurement procedure ..........3-43 Frequency and period measurements ............. 3-44 Trigger level ..................3-44 Gate time ..................3-44 Connections ..................3-45 Frequency and period measurement procedure ......3-46 Continuity testing ...................
Page 11 Relative ..................... Basic operation .................. Remote programming — rel ............. Math ......................mX+b ....................Percent ..................... 5-10 Reciprocal (1/X) ................5-11 Basic operation ................5-12 Remote programming — math ............5-13 Ratio and channel average ..............5-16 Basic operation ................5-17 Remote programming —...
Page 12 Manual/external trigger scan ............7-23 Monitor scan (analog trigger) ............7-24 Remote programming — scanning ............7-26 Trigger model .................. 7-26 Channel setup .................. 7-27 Buffer ....................7-27 Scanning commands ............... 7-27 Scanning programming example ............ 7-32 Scanning examples ................. 7-33 External trigger scan ...............
Page 13 Limits and digital outputs programming example ......9-14 Application — sorting resistors .............. 9-15 Limits ....................9-15 Digital outputs ................. 9-17 Remote Operations Operation enhancements ................ 10-2 Pseudocards ..................10-2 Autozero ..................10-2 dB calculation .................. 10-2 Separate function setups ..............10-3 DCV input divider ................
Page 14 Selecting and configuring RS-232 interface ......... 10-20 RS-232 connections ..............10-20 Error messages ................10-22 Status Structure Overview ....................11-2 Status byte and SRQ ............... 11-2 Status register sets ................11-2 Queues .................... 11-2 Clearing registers and queues ..............11-4 Programming and reading registers ............
Page 15 SYSTem:BEEPer[:STATe] <b> ............. 14-9 SCPI Reference Tables Reference tables ..................15-2 Specifications Model 2700 Data Acquisition/Control System Model 7700 20-Channel Differential Multiplexer w/Automatic CJC Accuracy calculations ................Calculating DC characteristics accuracy .......... Calculating AC characteristics accuracy .......... Calculating dBm characteristics accuracy ........
Page 16 [SENS[1]]:DATA:FRESh? ..............FETCh? ................... D-10 READ? .................... D-10 MEASure? ..................D-10 CALC[1]:DATA[LATest]? .............. D-10 CALC[1]:DATA:FRESh? ............... D-10 CALC3:LIM1:FAIL? ..............D-11 CALC3:LIM2:FAIL? ..............D-11 TRACe:DATA? ................D-11 CALC2:IMM? ................D-12 CALC2:IMM .................. D-12 CALC2:DATA? ................D-12 Continuous measurement mode ............D-12 Scanning ..................
Page 17 Address commands ................Unaddress commands ............... Common commands ............... G-10 SCPI commands ................G-10 Command codes ................G-10 Typical command sequences ............G-12 IEEE command groups ..............G-13 Interface function codes ................ G-14 KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Introduction ..................... Visual Basic and CVI (C) examples ............LabVIEW examples ................
Page 18: Getting Started
Front and rear panel familiarization — Summarizes the controls and connectors of the instrument. • Rack mounting — Covers the options available for rack mounting the Model 2700 in a standard 19-inch rack. QS2 • Power-up — Covers line power connection, line voltage setting, fuse replacement, power line frequency, and the power-up sequence.
Page 19: General Information
Contact information Worldwide phone numbers are listed at the front of this manual. If you have any questions, please contact your local Keithley representative or call a Keithley Application Engineer at 1-800-348-3735 (U.S. and Canada only). Safety symbols and terms...
Page 20: Inspection
Getting Started Inspection Model 2700 was carefully inspected electrically and mechanically before shipment. After unpacking all items from the shipping carton, check for any obvious signs of physical damage that may have occurred during transit. (There may be a protective film over the display lens, which can be removed).
Page 21 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7701 — This differential multiplexer provides 32 channels of 2-pole input, or 16 channels of 4-pole input. Model 7702 — This differential multiplexer provides 40 channels of 2-pole input, or 20 channels of 4-pole input. It also has two 2-pole channels used exclusively for current input.
Page 22 Cables and adapters (GPIB and trigger link) Models 7007-1 and 7007-2 shielded GPIB cables — Connect Model 2700 to the GPIB bus using shielded cables and connectors to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). Model 7007-1 is one meter long; Model 7007-2 is two meters long.
Page 23: Model 2700 Features
(database and statistical process control) are available to expand ExceLINX-1A capability. Rack mount kits Model 4288-1 single fixed rack mount kit — Mounts a single Model 2700 in a standard 19-inch rack. Model 4288-2 side-by-side rack mount kit — Mounts two instruments (Models 182, 428, 486, 487, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2010, 2400, 2410, 2420, 2430, 2700, 6430, 6517A, 7001) side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.
Page 24: Plug-In Switching Modules
). Each channel of a switching module that is closed or Table 1-1 scanned is measured by the Model 2700. For scanning, each channel can have its own unique setup (i.e., function, range, digits, etc.). More information on the measurement capabilities of the Model 2700 is provided in “DMM measurement capabilities,”...
Page 25 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 1-1 Model 77xx series switching modules Model 7700 Model 7701 Model 7702 Model 7703 2-pole Operation 20 channels 32 channels 40 channels 32 channels 4-pole Operation 10 channel pairs 16 channel pairs...
Page 26: Pseudocards
Using remote programming, you can assign a pseudocard to an empty switching module slot. With a pseudocard installed, the Model 2700 will operate as if the switching module is installed in the Model 2700. This feature allows you to configure your system without having the actual switching module installed in the unit.
Page 27: Identifying Installed Switching Modules
Model 7700, 7701, 7702, 7703, 7705, 7708, 7709, 7710, 7711, or 7712 switching module is removed while the Model 2700 is on, the instrument will operate as if the module is installed. That is, the Model 2700 will operate as if the pseudocard is installed.
Page 28 Use to select a shifted function or operation. LOCAL Cancels GPIB remote mode. POWER Power switch. In position turns 2700 on (I), out position turns it off (O). 2 Function and operation keys: Top Row Unshifted Selects DC voltage measurement function.
Page 29 Restores a default setup (factory or *RST) or a saved setup. Enables/disables buffer auto clear, auto scan, and auto channel configuration. Sets timestamp, date, and time. Displays serial number of Model 2700. CONFIG Selects and configures a simple scan or an advanced scan.
Page 30 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Getting Started 1-13 MATH mX+b, percent, or reciprocal (1/X) calculation enabled. Medium reading rate selected. Monitor channel displayed. OCOMP 4-wire offset compensated ohms enabled. RATIO Channel ratio enabled. REAR Front panel input terminals disconnected.
Page 31: Rear Panel Summary
100V/120V/220V/240VAC at line frequencies of 50 or 60Hz. 6 Slot 1 and Slot 2 Two slots to accommodate Keithley Model 77xx series switching modules. The Model 2700 is shipped from the factory with slot covers installed. Please note additional slot covers can be requested from Keithley Instruments.
Page 32: Power-Up
Getting Started 1-15 Power-up Line power connection Follow the procedure below to connect the Model 2700 to line power and turn on the instrument. Check to see that the line voltage indicated in the window of the fuse holder assembly (Figure 1-3) is correct for the operating voltage in your area.
Page 33: Line Frequency
Line frequency The Model 2700 will operate at line frequencies from 45Hz to 66Hz, and 360Hz to 440Hz. There are no user-settings for line frequency. It is automatically sensed at power-up. The following command can be used to read the line frequency: SYSTem:LFRequency? ' Query power line frequency.
Page 34: Power-Up Sequence
After the power-up sequence, the instrument begins its normal display of readings. NOTE The serial number of the Model 2700 can be displayed by selecting the SNUM item of the SETUP menu. Press SHIFT and then SETUP to access the menu. For...
Page 35: Keyclick
Appendix Remote programming — display Using remote programming, the Model 2700 can display a custom ASCII message (up to 12 characters). Also, the front panel display and controls can be disabled. Display commands The commands are listed in Table 1-3.
Page 36 All front panel controls (except LOCAL) are disabled. Normal display operation can be resumed by using the ENABle command to enable the display or by putting the Model 2700 into local mode (press LOCAL). Programming example The following command sequence displays the text message “TESTING”: DISP:TEXT:DATA 'TESTING' ' Define text message.
Page 37: Defaults And User Setups
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Defaults and user setups Model 2700 can be restored to one of two default setup configurations (FACTory or *RST), or four user-saved (SAV0, SAV1, SAV2, or SAV3). As shipped from the factory, Model 2700 powers up to the factory (FACT) default settings.
Page 38: Saving And Restoring Setups
If the settings for a user setup or power-on setup do not match the switching module types presently installed in the Model 2700, error +520 (Saved setup scancard mismatch) occurs when the setup is recalled. The scan list will reset to the factory defaults and all channels will open.
Page 39 1-22 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 1-4 Default settings Setting Factory *RST Set Diff Auto channel configuration No (off) No effect Autozero Buffer No effect No effect Auto clear Yes (on) No effect Channel Average Closed channels...
Page 40 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Getting Started 1-23 Table 1-4 (continued) Default settings Setting Factory *RST Set Diff Limits LO Limit 1 HI Limit 1 LO Limit 2 HI Limit 2 Line Synchronization Math mX+B Scale Factor Offset Units “X”...
Page 41 1-24 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 1-4 (continued) Default settings Setting Factory *RST Set Diff RS-232 Baud rate No effect No effect Flow control XonXoFF XonXoFF Terminator No effect No effect Scanning Disabled Disabled Auto scan...
Page 42: Remote Programming - Default And User Setups
Programming example *SAV 2 ' Save present setup in memory location 2. SYST:POS SAV2 ' Specify SAV2 setup as the power-on setup. *RST ' Return 2700 to RST defaults. *RCL 2 ' Return 2700 to setup stored in memory location 2.
Page 43: Remote Programming Information
(?) that follows the command word. A query command requests (queries) the programmed status of that command. When a query command is sent and Model 2700 is addressed to talk, the response message is sent to the computer. NOTE For complete details, see “Programming syntax,”...
Page 44: Basic Dmm Measurements - Front Panel Inputs
Section 3 for details on basic DMM operation. The Model 2700 is shipped from the factory to power-up to factory defaults. The instrument powers up to a setup that continuously measures DC volts. Some of the default settings for the DCV function include auto range enabled, 6H -digit resolution, filter enabled, and slow reading rate.
Page 45 1-28 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Exercise 1 — Basic DMM measurements The exercise in Table 1-6 measures ACV on the 10V range and stores 15 readings in the buffer. Table 1-6 Exercise 1—Measure AC volts - store readings in buffer...
Page 46: Closing And Opening Channels - System Channel Operation
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Getting Started 1-29 Closing and opening channels — system channel operation NOTE Section 2 for details on closing and opening switching module channels. NOTE The following discussion assumes a multiplexing switching module (i.e., Model 7700) is installed in slot 1 of the mainframe. Switching module...
Page 47 1-30 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual For a 4-wire function (i.e., Ω4), a channel pair is connected to the DMM when a • system channel is closed. The system channel is connected to DMM Input and the paired channel is connected to DMM Sense.
Page 48 When a system channel is closed, the channel number will be displayed on the Model 2700. The slot number for the module is also displayed. For example, “103” indicates that system input channel 3 for a module in slot 1 is closed.
Page 49: Simple Scanning
1-32 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Exercise 2 — Closing and opening channels (system channel operation) The exercise in Table 1-7 demonstrates a sequence to close and open channels of a Mode 7700 installed in slot 1 of the mainframe.
Page 50 NOTE The Model 2700 can also be configured to run an advanced scan. For an advanced scan, each channel can have its own unique setup (i.e., function, range, etc.). Advanced scanning is covered in...
Page 51 1-34 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual For remote programming, the following commands are used for simple scanning: ROUTe:SCAN <clist> ' Define scan list*. TRIGger:COUNt <NRf> ' Specify number of scans (1 to 11000 or INFinity). SAMPle:COUNt <NRf>...
Page 52: Trigger And Return Readings - Remote Programming
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Getting Started 1-35 Trigger and return readings — remote programming There are several commands used to trigger and return readings. The proper commands and sequence to use depend on the trigger state (continuous or non-continuous) and what you are trying to accomplish.
Page 53 1-36 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Exercise 4 — Trigger and return a single reading Exercise 5 — Trigger and return multiple readings Trigger controlled measurements — The instrument is typically used in a non- continuous trigger mode. In this mode, commands are used to trigger one or more readings.
Page 54 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Getting Started 1-37 Figure 1-9 Exercise 5 — Trigger and return multiple readings TRAC:CLE Clear buffer Place 2700 in non-continuous INIT:CONT OFF trigger state TRIG:COUN 1 Trigger Configuration Set 2700 to perform “x” SAMP:COUN x...
Page 55 1-38 Getting Started Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure 1-10 Exercise 6 — Return a single reading (continuous triggering) Place 2700 in SAMP:COUN 1 continuous Trigger Configuration INIT:CONT ON trigger state. FETCh? DATA? Return Readings CALC:DATA? DATA:FRESh? 2, 3...
Page 56: Closing And Opening Switching Module Channels
System channel operation and multiple channel operation. • Switching module installation and connections — Explains how to install a switching module (or pseudocard) into the Model 2700 mainframe. Also explains where to find connection information which should only be performed by qualified service personnel.
Page 57: Close/Open Overview
Multiple channel operation should be restricted to experienced test engineers who recognize the dangers associated with multiple channel closures. NOTE The Model 2700 can scan switching module channels. Each channel in the scan can have its own unique setup configuration. Scanning is covered in Section NOTE When a setup is saved as a user setup (SAV0, SAV1, SAV2, or SAV3), closed channels are also saved.
Page 58: Switching Module Installation And Connections
Perform the following steps to install a switching module into the Model 2700 mainframe: Turn the Model 2700 off and disconnect the power line cord and any other cable connected to the rear panel. Position the Model 2700 so you are facing the rear panel.
Page 59: Connections
• Before making or breaking connections to the switching module, make sure the Model 2700 is turned off and power is removed from all external circuitry. • Do not connect signals that will exceed the maximum specifications of switching module.
Page 60: Pseudocards
A pseudocard cannot be installed from the front panel. However, once it is installed you can take the Model 2700 out of remote and use the front panel. Pressing the LOCAL key takes the Model 2700 out of remote.
Page 61: System Channel Operation
DMM Input of the Model 2700. The system channel number is displayed on the Model 2700. For a 4-wire function (i.e., Ω4), the paired channel for the system channel is internally connected to DMM Sense. The paired channel is not displayed on the Model 2700.
Page 62: 2-Wire Functions
DMM Input of the Model 2700. Assume a Model 7700 switching module is installed in slot 1 of the mainframe. When channel 101 is closed using the system channel close keys, both the Channel 1 relay and the backplane isolation relay (Channel 25) close to connect the channel to the DMM.
Page 63: 4-Wire Functions (Paired Channels)
Channel 23 relay closes to isolate channel 1 from channel 11. The complete simplified schematic of Model 7700 is provided in Figure 2-12. Figure 2-2 4-wire system channel connections to Model 2700 DMM Model 2700 Slot 1 Model 7700 Switching Module Channel 1 Relay...
Page 64: Controlling The System Channel
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Close/Open Switching Module Channels Controlling the system channel When a measurement channel is closed, a previous system channel (and, for a 4-wire function, its paired channel) is first opened. The closed measurement channel becomes the system channel.
Page 65 2-10 Close/Open Switching Module Channels Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual CLOSE key (SINGLE menu option) The SINGLE menu option for the CLOSE key can be used to select a measurement channel as the system channel (Figure 2-4). Perform the following steps to select the system channel: Press the CLOSE key.
Page 66 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Close/Open Switching Module Channels 2-11 OPEN key (ALL menu option) The ALL menu option of the OPEN key opens all channels for all switching modules installed in the Model 2700 (Figure 2-5). For example, if a Model 7700 switching module...
Page 67 2-12 Close/Open Switching Module Channels Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote programming — system channel control commands The commands to close and open the system channel are listed in Table 2-1. When a system channel reading is returned, the system channel number will be included in the data string if the CHANnel data element is selected.
Page 68 The following example assumes a Model 7700 installed in slot 1, and the Ω4 function of the Model 2700 is selected. This command sequence connects channel 101 and its paired channel (111) to DMM Input and Sense as shown in Figure 2-2.
Page 69: Non-Amp And Non-Measure Switching Modules
Making amps measurements — In order to perform amps measurements, you must use the front panel inputs of the 2700 mainframe. You can still use the non-amps module for other aspects of the test, but you must use multiple channel operation to close channels.
Page 70 Refer to the appropriate module manual (packing list) for details on operation. • In order to perform measurements, you must use the front panel inputs of the 2700 mainframe. You can still use the non-measure module to control other operations.
Page 71: Multiple Channel Operation
Whatever channels were previously closed, remain closed. • A channel closed using multiple channel operation is not displayed on the Model 2700. Also, the CHAN annunciator does not turn on when a channel is closed. • Opening a channel using multiple channel operation has no affect on other closed channels.
Page 72: Controlling Multiple Channels
Most switching modules use latching relays. That is, closed channels remain closed when the Model 2700 is turned off. Never handle a switching module that is connected to an external source that is turned on. Turn off all power sources before (1) making or breaking connections to the module, and (2) installing (or removing) the module into (or out of) the Model 2700.
Page 73 2-18 Close/Open Switching Module Channels Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual CLOSE key (MULTI menu option) The MULTI menu option for the CLOSE key can be used to close any individual channel in the mainframe (Figure 2-6). Perform the following steps to close a channel: NOTE Channels closed by the MULTI option of the CLOSE key are not displayed.
Page 74 Press ENTER to open the channel. NOTE If the channel you open using OPEN: MULTI is the system channel (channel number displayed on the Model 2700), the channel will open, but the system channel number will still be displayed (see “Multiple channel operation anomalies,”...
Page 75 2-20 Close/Open Switching Module Channels Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote programming — Multiple channel control commands The commands to close and open the system channel are listed in Table 2-2 Table 2-2 Multiple channel control commands Commands Description ROUTe:MULTiple:CLOSe <clist>...
Page 76 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Close/Open Switching Module Channels 2-21 ROUTe:MULTiple:OPEN <clist> With this command, you can open one or more switching module channels. When you send this command to open the channels specified in the <clist>, only those listed channels will open.
Page 77: Multiple Channel Operation Anomalies
Use the MULTI option for the OPEN key, open channel 101. Even though channel 101 is still being displayed on the Model 2700, it is channel 102 that is actually connected to the DMM Input (channels 102 and 125 closed).
Page 78 Channel 124 (connects channel 111 to DMM Sense). • Channel 123 (isolates channel 101 from channel 111). The Model 2700 will display the 1kΩ reading for system channel 101. Remote programming: ROUT:CLOS (@101) Using the MULTI option for the OPEN key, open channel 111. This opens the connection to DMM Sense and causes an OVRFLW reading.
Page 79: Dual Independent Multiplexers
(channels 11 through 20). For the dual multiplexer configuration, only Multiplexer A channels can be internally connected to the DMM of the Model 2700. For the Model 7700, closing channel 25 allows channels 1 through 10 to be measured by the DMM.
Page 80 This application demonstrates how to use the Model 7700 as a dual multiplexer to bias and measure 10 DUT. An external source powers DUT, while the DMM of the Model 2700 measures the output of the DUT. To prevent overloading of the external source, each DUT is powered (and measured) separately.
Page 81 (11 through 20). This channel must remain closed while testing DUT. • Opening channel 24 isolates the external source from the backplane of the Model 2700. This channel must remain open while testing DUT. • Closing channel 25 connects an input channel (1 through 10) to the DMM. Figure 2-9, channels 1 and 11 are closed to test DUT 1.
Page 82 Close channel 111 Open all channels. For most switching modules, channels remain closed after the Model 2700 is turned off. Therefore, it is good safe practice to open all channels at the start and end of the test. Front panel operation: Press OPEN >...
Page 83: Identifying Installed Modules And Viewing Closed Channels
If a Model 7700, 7701, 7702, 7703, 7705, 7708, or 7709 switching module is removed while the Model 2700 is on, the instrument will operate as if the module is installed. That is, the Model 2700 will operate as if the pseudocard is installed.
Page 84: Card Menu
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Close/Open Switching Module Channels 2-29 CARD menu The CARD menu identifies the switching modules installed in the mainframe, and is used for the following operations: • Configure digital inputs and outputs, and analog outputs for switching modules that have one or more of those capabilities (i.e., Models 7706 and 7707).
Page 85 2-30 Close/Open Switching Module Channels Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SLOTX: 77XX — Use to configure the switching module in Slot X (where X = 1 or 2). If configuration is not necessary, the instrument will exit from the menu when ENTER is pressed.
Page 86: Switching Module Queries (Remote Operation)
(or pseudocards) are installed in the Model 2700. For example, assume a Model 7700 is installed in slot 1, and the other slot is empty. After sending *OPT? and addressing the Model 2700 to talk, the following response message will be sent to the computer:...
Page 87: Relay Closure Count
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Relay closure count The Model 2700 keeps an internal count of the number of times each module relay has been closed. The total number of relay closures are stored in EEPROM on the card. This count will help you determine if and when any relays require replacement (see module contact life specifications).
Page 88: Reading Relay Closure Count
NOTE If the Model 2700 is turned off before the updated count is written to EEPROM, the relay counts will be lost. It is good practice to add the ROUT:CLOS:COUN? <clist>...
Page 89: Model 7700 Switching Module
When the Model 2700 is on the DCV, ACV, Ω2, CONT, Ω4, FREQ, PERIOD, or TEMP function, channels 1 through 20 are available. When on a current function (DCI or ACI), channels 21 and 22 are the only available channels.
Page 90: Schematic Diagram
There are two backplane relays (channels 24 and 25) to connect the input channel(s) to the backplane of the Model 2700. With a 2-wire function (except amps) selected, channel 25 will close, and with a 4-wire function selected, both channels 24 and 25 will close.
Page 91 2-36 Close/Open Switching Module Channels Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure 2-12 Model 7700 simplified schematic Input Sense HI Cold Junction Ref x3 Channel 1 Channel 25 (See Note) (Channels 2–9) Backplane Isolation Channel 10 Input Channel 23 2-Pole (Open)
Page 92: Basic Dmm Operation
Basic DMM Operation • DMM measurement capabilities — Summarizes the measurement capabilities of the Model 2700 and covers maximum signal levels for switching modules. • High energy circuit safety precautions — Provides safety information when performing measurements in high energy circuits.
Page 93: Dmm Measurement Capabilities
For the other switching modules, the maximum signal levels are included with their specifications. NOTE This section shows DUT connections to the front panel inputs of the Model 2700 and to the Model 7700 switching module. Details on Model 7700 connections are provided in...
Page 94: High Energy Circuit Safety Precautions
As described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 664, the Model 2700 is Installation Category I and signal lines must not be directly connected to AC mains. When making measurements in high energy circuits, use test leads that meet the following requirements: •...
Page 95: Performance Considerations
Performance considerations Warm-up After the Model 2700 is turned on, it must be allowed to warm up for at least two hours to allow the internal temperature to stabilize. If the instrument has been exposed to extreme temperatures, allow extra warm-up time.
Page 96: Lsync (Line Cycle Synchronization)
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation LSYNC (line cycle synchronization) Synchronizing A/D conversions with the frequency of the power line increases common mode and normal mode noise rejection. When line cycle synchronization is enabled, the measurement is initiated at the first positive-going zero crossing of the power line cycle after the trigger.
Page 97: Remote Programming - Autozero And Lsync
Section Channel list parameter (<clist>) Channels of one or more switching modules installed in the Model 2700 can be scanned. Each scan channel can have its own unique setup. For example, a channel could be set to measure DCV on the 10V range, while another channel can be set to measure ACV on the 1V range.
Page 98: Voltage Measurements (Dcv And Acv)
Section 7 for detailed information on scanning. Voltage measurements (DCV and ACV) The Model 2700 can make DCV measurements from 0.1µV to 1000V and ACV measurements from 0.1µV to 750V RMS, 1000V peak. DCV input resistance: 100V and 1000V ranges: 10MΩ...
Page 99: Connections
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Connections WARNING Even though the Model 2700 can measure up to 1000V peak, the maximum input to a switching module is less. Exceeding the voltage rating of a switching module may cause damage and create a safety hazard.
Page 100 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation Figure 3-2 DCV and ACV connections using front panel inputs Model 2700 SENSE INPUT Ω 4 WIRE Voltage 350V 1000V PEAK PEAK Source 500V PEAK INPUTS FRONT/REAR 3A 250V AMPS Input Resistance = 10MΩ on 1000V and 100V ranges;...
Page 101 3-10 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7700 switching module Connections for the Model 7700 switching module are shown in Figure 3-3. For basic DCV and ACV measurements (Figure 3-3A and B), channels 1 through 20 can be used.
Page 102: Volts Measurement Procedure
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-11 Volts measurement procedure NOTE Make sure the INPUTS switch is in the correct position. To use front panel inputs, it must be in the “F” (out) position. For switching modules, it must be in the “R”...
Page 103: Ac Voltage Measurements And Crest Factor
Figure 3-5. The Model 2700 is an AC-coupled RMS meter. For an AC waveform with DC content, the DC component is removed before the RMS is calculated. This affects the crest factor in that the peak value of the waveform is different for a DC coupled waveform and an AC coupled waveform.
Page 104 Basic DMM Operation 3-13 Additional error uncertainties are also specified for non-sinusoidal waveforms of specific crest factors and frequencies. The Model 2700 has capabilities of measuring AC waveforms of crest factors up to 5. Figure 3-4 ACV measurements – sine waves...
Page 105 3-14 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure 3-5 ACV measurements – square, pulse, and sawtooth waves Square AC coupled RMS: Crest factor: CF = 1 Rectified square AC coupled RMS: CF = 2 Pulse AC coupled RMS:...
Page 106: Low Level Considerations
Therefore, to minimize AC interference, the circuit should be shielded with the shield connected to the Model 2700 input low (particularly for low level sources). Improper shielding can cause the Model 2700 to behave in one or more of the following ways: •...
Page 107 The REL control can be used to null out constant offset voltages. AC voltage offset The Model 2700, at 5H digits resolution, will typically display 100 counts of offset on AC volts with the input shorted. This offset is caused by the offset of the TRMS converter.
Page 108: Current Measurements (Dci And Aci)
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-17 Current measurements (DCI and ACI) The Model 2700 can make DCI measurements from 10nA to 3A and ACI measurements from 1µA to 3A RMS. NOTE See the previous discussion about crest factor in “Voltage measurements (DCV...
Page 109: Amps Measurement Procedure
3-18 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7700 switching module Connections for the Model 7700 switching module are shown in Figure 3-7. Note that only channels 21 and 22 can be used for current measurements. Figure 3-7...
Page 110: Amps Fuse Replacement (Front Panel Amps Input)
Install the new fuse by reversing the procedure above. NOTE For the Model 7700 switching module and other similar modules that support the amps function, there are solder mount amps fuses. See the Model 2700 Service Manual for fuse replacement information.
Page 111: Resistance Measurements (Ω2 And Ω4)
The Model 2700 uses the constant-current method to measure resistance from 100Ω to 1MΩ . The Model 2700 sources a constant current (I) to the resistance and measures the voltage (V). Resistance (R) is then calculated (and displayed) using the known current and measured voltage (R = V/I).
Page 112 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-21 Figure 3-8 Ω2 and Ω4 connections for front panel inputs Model 2700 Shielded Optional Shield SENSE Cable INPUT Ω 4 WIRE 350V 1000V PEAK PEAK 500V Resistance PEAK INPUTS Under Test...
Page 113 3-22 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7700 switching module Connections for the switching module are shown in Figure 3-9. As shown in Figure 3-9A, each of the 20 channels can be used to perform Ω2 measurements. For Ω4 measurements, a...
Page 114: Standard Resistance Measurements
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-23 Cable leakage For high resistance measurements in a high humidity environment, use Teflon™ insulated cables to minimize errors due to cable leakage. Standard resistance measurements NOTE Make sure the INPUTS switch is in the correct position. To use front panel inputs, it must be in the “F”...
Page 115: Offset-Compensated Ohms
D-2, for details. It includes a flowchart showing where in the processing sequence that the OCOMP operation is performed. For a normal resistance measurement, the Model 2700 sources a current (I) and measures the voltage (V). The resistance (R) is then calculated (R=V/I) and the reading is displayed.
Page 116: Measurement Methods
Constant-current source method (100Ω through 1MΩ ranges) – Sources a • constant-current to the DUT. Voltage is measured by the Model 2700 and resistance is then calculated (R = V/I). Ratiometric method (10MΩ and 100MΩ ranges) – Test current is generated by a •...
Page 117 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Constant-current source method For the 100Ω to 1MΩ ranges, the Model 2700 uses the constant-current method to measure resistance. The Model 2700 sources a constant current (I ) to the DUT and measures...
Page 118 Basic circuit theory dictates that the sum of the branch currents (I and I ) is equal to the source current (I ). Since the voltmeter of the Model 2700 (V ) has very high SOUR MEAS input impedance (>10GΩ), current through the voltmeter branch is insignificant and can be discounted.
Page 119 120Ω will be displayed. Above 120Ω , the “OVRFLW” message is dis- played. The Model 2700 will also display the “OVRFLW” message if a test lead is open during an ohms measurement. A hardware (H/W) detection circuit or software (S/W) detection is used to detect an open input lead.
Page 120 3-10B, the sense leads connect the voltmeter of the Model 2700 to the DUT. In general, if a test lead for the voltmeter is open, the reading on the Model 2700 will randomly drift due to the high impedance circuitry of the voltmeter. If this were allowed to happen for the Ω4 function, erroneous ohm readings would be...
Page 121 3-30 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure 3-12 Open ohms test lead detection A) Normal 4-wire ohms measurement 2700 Sense HI 100mV S/W Detection Input HI H/W Detection 100mV S/W Detection 100.000 I-Source 100W 2700 Reading...
Page 122 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-31 10MΩ and 100MΩ ranges – Open sense lead detection for the 10MΩ and 100MΩ detection is slightly different and is shown in Figure 3-13. Detection is performed at Sense Lo only. Sense Hi is not used. It does not need to be connected to the DUT. When the Sense Lo lead opens, the Sense Lo terminal will drift to -15mV and trip the “OVRFLOW”...
Page 123: 4-Wire Common-Side (Csid) Ohms Measurements (7701 Module)
3-32 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual 4-wire common-side (CSID) ohms measurements (7701 module) For normal 4-wire ohms measurements using a switching module, channels are paired to provide the switch paths for input and sense. Each tested DUT requires two input channels.
Page 124: Temperature Measurements
The equation to calculate thermocouple temperature is provided in Appendix When you connect a thermocouple directly to the input of the Model 2700, at least one of those connections will be a junction made up of two dissimilar metals. Hence, another voltage is introduced and is algebraically added to the thermocouple voltage.
Page 125 It is at the cold junction where dissimilar wire connections must be made. As long as the temperature of the cold junction is known, the Model 2700 can factor in the reference temperature to calculate the actual temperature reading at the thermocouple.
Page 126: Thermistors
DMM. If an intermittent open occurs in the thermocouple circuit, the capacitance could cause an erroneous on-scale reading. The Model 2700 has an open thermocouple detection circuit. When enabled, a 10µA pulse of current is applied to the thermocouple before the start of each temperature measurement.
Page 127: 4-Wire Rtds
The RTD has a metal construction (typically platinum). The resistance of the RTD changes with change’s in temperature. The Model 2700 measures the resistance and calculates the temperature reading. When using default RTD parameters, the resistance of the RTD will be 100Ω at 0°C.
Page 128 (assuming the user enters a precise reference temperature). With open thermocouple detection disabled, the Model 2700 can calculate the average temperature of two thermocouple channels using Channel Average (see Section 5 details).
Page 129 3-38 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 3-2 Color codes — thermocouple wires T/C type Positive (+) Negative (-) T/C type Positive (+) Negative (-) J U.S. White E U.S. Purple British Yellow Blue British Brown...
Page 130 Shown in Figure 3-16 are 4-wire RTD connections to the Model 2700. For the Model 7700 switching module, paired channels are used to perform the 4-wire measurement. The two input leads of the RTD are connected to a primary channel (1 through 10), while the two sense leads are connected to its paired channel (11 through 20).
Page 131: Temperature Measurement Configuration
3-40 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Temperature measurement configuration The Model 2700 is configured to measure temperature from the temperature measurement configuration menu. Use the following general rules to navigate through the menu structure: • Press SHIFT and then SENSOR to enter the menu structure.
Page 132 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-41 Table 3-3 Thermocouple temperature measurement configuration Step Menu structure Description UNITS: C, F, or K Select temperature measurement units (°C, °F, or K). SENS: TCOUPLE Select the thermocouple transducer. TYPE: J, K, T, E, R, S, B, or N Select thermocouple type.
Page 133 3-42 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual 4-wire RTD temperature measurement configuration The Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Ω at 0°C parameters for the five basic RTD types are provided Table 3-5. Note that these parameters can be modified using remote programming.
Page 134: Temperature Measurement Procedure
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-43 Temperature measurement procedure NOTE Make sure the INPUTS switch is in the correct position. To use front panel inputs, it must be in the “F” (out) position. For switching modules, it must be in the “R”...
Page 135: Frequency And Period Measurements
Gate time The gate time is the amount of time the Model 2700 uses to sample frequency or period readings. Use the RATE key to set the gate time; SLOW sets the gate time to 1.0 sec, MED sets it to 0.1 sec, and FAST sets it to 0.01 sec.
Page 136: Connections
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-45 Connections NOTE When using the front panel inputs, the INPUTS switch must be in the “F” (out) position. For switching modules, it must be in the “R” (in) position. Front panel input...
Page 137: Frequency And Period Measurement Procedure
3-46 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Frequency and period measurement procedure NOTE Make sure the INPUTS switch is in the correct position. To use front panel inputs, it must be in the “F” (out) position. For switching modules, it must be in the “R”...
Page 138: Continuity Testing
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-47 Continuity testing The instrument can test continuity using the 2-wire 1kΩ range. After selecting continuity, you will be prompted to enter the threshold resistance level (1 to 1000Ω). When the measured circuit is below the set threshold level, the instrument will beep and display the resistance readings.
Page 139: Continuity Testing Procedure
3-48 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure 3-19 Continuity connections Input HI Resistance Under Test Input LO A. Front panel connections Model 7700 Resistance CH 1-20 Switching Under Test Module Note: Source current flows from input high to input low.
Page 140: Remote Programming For Basic Measurements
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-49 Remote programming for basic measurements Basic measurement commands NOTE When measurements are performed, the readings are fed to other enabled processing operations. Appendix D explains “Data flow (remote operation)” and the commands used to return the various processed readings.
Page 141 3-50 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 3-7 (continued) Basic measurement commands Commands Description Default Ref TEMP function [SENSe[1]] Optional root command. :TEMPerature:TRANsducer <name> Select temperature transducer; <name> = [, <clist>] TCouple, FRTD, or THERmistor. :TEMPerature:TCouple:TYPE <type>...
Page 142 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-51 Table 3-7 (continued) Basic measurement commands Commands Description Default Ref PERIOD function :PERiod:THReshold:VOLTage:RANGe Select threshold voltage range; <n> [, <clist>] <n> = 0 to 1010. :PERiod:APERture <n> [, <clist>] Set gate time for PERIOD measurements in secs;...
Page 143 3-52 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Reference FUNCtion <name> [, <clist>] Note that the <name> parameters in the table are enclosed in single quotes (‘ ’). However, double quotes (“ ”) can instead be used. For example: FUNC ‘VOLT:AC’...
Page 144 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-53 TEMPerature:TCouple:RJUNction:SIMulated <n> [, <clist>] The units for the simulated reference temperature depend on the present temperature measurement units as set by UNIT:TEMPerature (see Ref h). NOTE The following command can instead be used to set the simulated reference temperature: TEMPerature:RJUNction:SIMulated <n>...
Page 145 3-54 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual DATA[:LATest]? DATA:FRESh? These commands do not trigger a reading. They simply return the last reading string. The reading reflects what is applied to the input. While the instrument is performing measurements, you can use these commands to return the last reading.
Page 146: Basic Measurement Programming Examples
The following command sequence places the Model 2700 in a one-shot trigger mode to measure offset-compensated ohms. Whenever READ? is sent, a measurement will be triggered, and the measured reading will be sent to the computer when the Model 2700 is addressed to talk.
Page 147: Measurement Queries
3-56 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Example #4 — Scan configuration (Model 7700) The following commands configure scan channels 101, 102, and 121 of a Model 7700 installed in slot 1. When channel 101 is scanned, DCV will be selected. When channel 102 is scanned, Ω2 will be selected.
Page 148: Read
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-57 Where appropriate Since this query does not trigger a reading, and can give duplicate results, there are not many cases where this command should be used. The “:DATA:FRESh?” query (see page 3-47) is often a better choice.
Page 149: Measure[:]
3-58 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual :MEASure[:<function>]? What it does This query will reconfigure the instrument to the function specified in the query, set the trigger source for immediate, set the trigger count to 1, and configure the measurement parameters to *RST defaults.
Page 150: [:Sense[1]]:Data[:Latest]
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic DMM Operation 3-59 [:SENSe[1]]:DATA[:LATest]? What it does This query will return the last reading the instrument had, regardless of what may have invalidated that reading, such as changing ranges or functions. Limitations This query is fully capable of returning meaningless, old data.
Page 151 3-60 Basic DMM Operation Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual One-shot reading, DC volts, bus trigger, auto ranging *RST :INITiate:CONTinuous OFF;:ABORt :TRIGger:SOURce BUS :SENSe:FUNCtion ‘VOLTage:DC’ :SENSe:VOLTage:DC:RANGe:AUTO ON :TRIGger:COUNt 1 :INITiate *TRG -or- GET // Triggers reading (GET is a GPIB general bus command).
Page 152: Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, And Filter Range
Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter • Range — Provides details on measurement range selection. Includes the commands for remote programming. • Digits — Provides details on selecting display resolution. Includes the commands for remote programming. • Rate and bandwidth — Provides details on integration rate and bandwidth (for AC measurements).
Page 153: Measurement Ranges And Maximum Readings
Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Range The range setting is “remembered” by each measurement function. When you select a function, the instrument will return to the last range setting for that function. Measurement ranges and maximum readings The selected range affects both accuracy of the measurement as well as the maximum level that can be measured.
Page 154: Manual Ranging
Auto ranging should not be used when optimum speed is required. Note that the AUTO key has no effect on temperature (TEMP). Up-ranging occurs at 120% of range. The Model 2700 will down-range when the reading is <10% of nominal range.
Page 155: Remote Programming - Range
Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote programming — range Range commands The commands to set range are listed in Table 4-2. Additional information on these commands follow the table. NOTE Query commands and some optional command words are not included in Table 4-2.
Page 156: Digits
' Set 101 for 10V range. Digits The DIGITS key sets display resolution for the Model 2700 from 3H to 6H digits. From the front panel, setting digits for one function affects all the other functions. For example if you set DCV for 3H digits, the other functions will also set to 3H digits. For remote pro- gramming, each mainframe input function can have its own unique digits setting.
Page 157: Scanning
Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning When a simple scan is configured, the present digits setting will apply to all channels in the scan. When an advanced scan is configured, each channel can have its own unique digits setting.
Page 158 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Setting digits Even though the parameters for the DIGits command are expressed as integers (4 to 7), you can specify resolution using a real number. For example, to select 3H digit resolution, let <n>...
Page 159: Rate And Bandwidth
4-1. The Model 2700 is optimized for the 1 PLC to 5 PLC reading rate. At these rates (lowest noise region in graph), the Model 2700 will make corrections for its own internal drift and still be fast enough to settle a step response <100ms.
Page 160 SLOW) turns on. NOTE The Model 2700 uses internal references to calculate an accurate and stable reading. When the NPLC setting is changed, each reference must be updated to the new NPLC setting before a reading is generated. Therefore, frequent NPLC...
Page 161: Bandwidth
4-10 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Bandwidth Bandwidth specifies the lowest frequency of interest for AC measurements. The RATE setting determines the bandwidth setting: • SLOW — 3Hz to 300kHz • MEDium — 30Hz to 300kHz •...
Page 162 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter 4-11 Table 4-5 Rate and bandwidth commands 1, 7 Commands Description Default Integration rate commands [SENSe[1]] Optional root command. :VOLTage[:DC]:NPLCycles <n> [, <clist>] Set rate for DCV in PLCs; <n> = 0.01 to x :VOLTage[:DC]:APERture <n>...
Page 163 4-12 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Aperture Aperture is a different way to specify the integration rate. As previously explained, 1 PLC sets the integration rate to 16.67msec (assuming 60Hz line power). You can instead use an APERture command as follows to set the same integration rate: :APERture 16.67e-3...
Page 164: Filter
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter 4-13 Rate and bandwidth programming examples NOTE The following examples can be run from the KE2700 Instrument Driver using the example named “RateBandwidth” in Table H-1 Appendix Example #1 — The following command sequence sets ACV rate to 5 PLC. In order to set...
Page 165 4-14 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Filter type There are two digital filter types: moving and repeating. The moving average filter uses a first-in first-out stack, where the newest reading conversion replaces the oldest. An aver- age of the stacked reading conversions yields a filtered reading.
Page 166 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter 4-15 Figure 4-2 Moving and repeating filters A. Type - Moving Average, Readings = 10 Conversion Conversion Conversion Average Average Average Reading Reading Reading Conversion Conversion Conversion B. Type - Repeating, Readings = 10...
Page 167 4-16 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Filter window The digital filter uses a “noise” window to control filter threshold. As long as the input signal remains within the selected window, A/D conversions continue to be placed in the stack.
Page 168 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter 4-17 Figure 4-3 Filter window +1% of range Voltage Windows Violation -1% of range +1% of range -1% of range Integration Time Conversions: Filter configuration: Type = Moving...
Page 169 4-18 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Filter control and configuration The FILTER key toggles the state of the Filter. When the Filter is enabled, the FILT annunciator is on. The FILT annunciator will flash when the filter is not settled. When disabled, the FILT annunciator is off.
Page 170 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter 4-19 Scanning The moving filter cannot be used when scanning. A scan channel cannot be configured to use the moving filter. Also, the filter window is not used when scanning.
Page 171: Remote Programming - Filter
4-20 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote programming — filter Filter commands The filter commands are listed in Table 4-6. Additional information on these commands follow the table. NOTE Query commands are not included in Table 4-6.
Page 172 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter 4-21 Table 4-6 (continued) Filter commands 1, 4 Commands Description Default Ω2 filter commands [SENSe[1]] Optional root command. :RESistance:AVERage:TCONtrol <name> Select filter type; <name> = MOVing or (Note 2) REPeat.
Page 173 4-22 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Filter programming examples NOTE The following example can be run from the KE2700 Instrument Driver using the example named “MAFilter” in Table H-1 Appendix Example #1 — The following command sequence configures filtering for the DCI...
Page 174: Relative, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, And Db
Relative, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, and dB • Relative — Explains how to null an offset or establish a baseline value. Includes the commands for remote programming. • Math — Covers the three basic math operations: mX+b, percent, and reciprocal (1/X).
Page 175: Relative
Selecting a range that cannot accommodate the rel value does not cause an overflow condition, but it also does not increase the maximum allowable input for that range. For example, on the 10V range, the Model 2700 still overflows for a 12V input. NOTE The various instrument operations, including Relative, are performed on the input signal in a sequential manner.
Page 176 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Press the REL key to set the rel value. The display will zero and the REL annunciator will turn on. Apply the signal to be measured. Pressing REL a second time disables rel.
Page 177: Remote Programming - Rel
Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote programming — rel Rel commands The rel commands to set range are listed in Table 5-1. Additional information on these commands follow the table. NOTE Query commands are not included in Table 5-1.
Page 178 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Table 5-1 (continued) Rel commands Commands Description Default Rel commands for Ω2 [SENSe[1]] Optional root command. :RESistance:REFerence <n> [, <clist>] Specify rel value; <n> = 0 to 120e6 (Ω).
Page 179 Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual “Pressing REL” using rel commands When the front panel REL key is pressed, the displayed reading is used as the rel value. Subsequent readings are then the result of the actual input value and the rel value.
Page 180 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Rel programming examples Example #1 — The following command sequence zeroes the display for DCV. NOTE The following example can be run from the KE2700 Instrument Driver using the example named “Relative1”...
Page 181: Math
Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Math The Model 2700 has three built-in math calculations that are accessed from the MATH menu: mX+b, percent, and reciprocal (1/X). Figure 5-1 shows the MATH menu tree. Note that the settings shown in the menu tree are the factory defaults.
Page 182: Mx+B
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB mX+b This math operation lets you manipulate normal display readings (X) mathematically according to the following calculation. Y = mX + b where: X is the normal display reading.
Page 183: Percent
5-10 Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual mX+b rel The mX+b function can be used to manually establish a rel value. To do this, set the scale factor (m) to 1 and set the offset (b) to the rel value. Each subsequent reading will be the difference between the actual input and the rel value (offset).
Page 184: Reciprocal (1/X)
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB 5-11 Reciprocal (1/X) The reciprocal of a reading is displayed when the reciprocal (1/X) math function is enabled: Reciprocal = 1/X where: X is the normal input reading The displayed units designator for reciprocal readings is “R.”...
Page 185: Basic Operation
5-12 Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Basic operation NOTE If using switching module inputs, make sure the front panel INPUTS switch is set to the REAR position (in). If using the front panel inputs, the switch must be in the FRONT position (out).
Page 186: Remote Programming - Math
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB 5-13 Remote programming — math Math commands NOTE When measurements are performed, the readings are fed to other enabled processing operations, including Math. Appendix D explains “Data flow (remote operation),”...
Page 187 5-14 Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Setting mX+b units The <char> parameter for CALCulate:KMATh:MUNits must be one character enclosed in single or double quotes. It can be any letter of the alphabet, the degrees symbol (°) or the ohms symbol (Ω).
Page 188 Example #1 — The following command sequence performs the mX+b calculation for channels 101 and 102 of the Model 7700. Keep in mind that after CALC:DATA? is sent, the Model 2700 has to be addressed to talk to send the math result to the computer. NOTE The following example can be run from the KE2700 Instrument Driver using the example named “Linear”...
Page 189: Ratio And Channel Average
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Ratio and channel average With a switching module installed in the Model 2700, the ratio or average of two channels can be calculated and displayed. The ratio calculation can be done on the DCV function, and the channel average calculation can be done on the DCV and TEMP (thermocouples only) functions.
Page 190: Basic Operation
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB 5-17 Basic operation NOTE Make sure the INPUTS switch is set to the REAR position (in). Select and configure (range, filter, rel, etc.) a valid measurement function. For ratio, the only valid function is DCV.
Page 191 5-18 Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning Ratio and channel average can be used in an advanced scan. The 2-channel scan for the calculation is performed for every primary channel that is scanned. For example, assume the Model 7700 is installed in slot 1 and is configured to perform the ratio calculation for 10 channels.
Page 192: Remote Programming - Ratio And Channel Average
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB 5-19 Remote programming — ratio and channel average Ratio and channel average commands The ratio and channel average are listed in Table 5-3. Details on these commands follow the table.
Page 193 Ratio and channel average programming examples Example #1 — The following command sequence performs the ratio calculation using primary channel 102 of the Model 7700. After READ? is sent, the Model 2700 must be addressed to talk to return the result of the calculation.
Page 194 = 1µV and V = 1000V. dB configuration Remote programming must be used to configure the Model 2700 for dB measurements. It cannot be configured from the front panel. Scanning Typically a scan using dB is configured and run using remote programming. However, once dB is selected using remote programming, a simple dB scan can be configured and run from the front panel.
Page 195: Remote Programming - Db
5-22 Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote programming — dB dB commands The dB commands are listed in Table 5-4. Details on these commands follow the table. NOTE Queries are not included in Table 5-4.
Page 196 Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB 5-23 Programming examples — dB Example #1 — The following command sequence configures the Model 2700 to perform DCV dB measurements. A 1V input will be measured as 0dB. NOTE The following example can be run from the KE2700 Instrument Driver using the example named “VoltdB1”...
Page 197 5-24 Rel, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, dB Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 198: Buffer
Buffer • Buffer overview — Summarizes basic buffer (data store) capabilities. • Front panel buffer — Explains how to store and recall readings, and discusses the various statistics available on buffer data including minimum and maximum values, average (mean), standard deviation, and peak-to-peak values. •...
Page 199: Buffer Overview
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Buffer overview The Model 2700 has a data store (buffer) to store from 2 to 55,000 readings. The instrument stores the readings that are displayed during the storage process. Each timestamped reading includes the buffer location number and a timestamp.
Page 200 55000. NOTE If the buffer is empty when the Model 2700 is turned off, buffer auto clear will enable when it is turned back on. If the buffer is not empty, the instrument will power up to the last auto clear setting.
Page 201: Timestamps
Therefore, the timestamp for the 11th reading (#10) is one hour (3600 seconds). When the Model 2700 is turned off, the relative timestamp resets to 0 sec when the instrument is turned back on. If you have readings stored in the buffer and auto clear is disabled when the unit is turned off, subsequent stored readings will be appended to the old group of readings.
Page 202 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Buffer Configuring timestamp Setting time and date For the real-time clock, the time and date is set at the factory. However, you can check and correct the time and date as follows: Perform the following steps to set the time: Press SHIFT and then SETUP.
Page 203: Storing Readings
Buffer Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Storing readings Perform the following steps to store readings: Set up the Model 2700 for the desired configuration. Press the STORE key. Δ ∇ Use the , and keys to specify the number of readings to store in the buffer (2 to 55000).
Page 204 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Buffer Figure 6-1 Recalling buffer data — relative timestamp Reading Value Absolute Timestamp Delta Timestamp Reading Value Absolute Timestamp Delta Timestamp Reading Value Absolute Timestamp Delta Timestamp Reading Value Absolute Timestamp Delta Timestamp Reading Value...
Page 205: Buffer Statistics
If the standard deviation calculation is being performed on a buffer that has more than 1000 readings, the “CALCULATING” message will flash to indicate that the Model 2700 is busy. While busy with the calculation, front panel keys will not operate.
Page 206: Remote Programming - Buffer
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Buffer Remote programming — buffer NOTE When readings are stored in the buffer by the TRACe command (or by front panel data store operation), INIT and multi-sample READ? queries are locked out. With readings in the buffer that were stored in that manner, you cannot use the INIT or READ? command if sample count is >1 (error -225, out of memory).
Page 207 6-10 Buffer Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 6-1 (continued) Buffer commands Command Description Default TRACe:FEED:CONTrol Set buffer control; <name> = NEVer, NEXT, or <name> ALWays. TRACe:DATA? Read all readings in the buffer. TRACe:DATA:SELected? Specify readings to be returned; <start> = starting <start>, <count>...
Page 208 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Buffer 6-11 SYSTem:TSTamp:TYPE RELative | RTClock Select timestamp SYSTem:TSTamp:TYPE? Query timestamp type; next storage TRACe:TSTamp:TYPE? Query timestamp type; readings in buffer SYSTem:TSTamp:TYPE <name> — Use to select the relative timestamp or the real-time timestamp. Note that changing the timestamp will clear the buffer if a storage is in process.
Page 209 6-12 Buffer Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual TRACe:TSTamp:FORMat ABSolute | DELta Select timestamp format For front panel operation, both timestamp formats (absolute and delta) can be recalled. For remote programming, you can only use one timestamp at a time.
Page 210 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Buffer 6-13 TRACe:DATA:SELected? <start>, <count> Specify readings to return TRACe:NEXT? Query location of last buffer reading Use the TRACe:DATA:SELected? command to specify which stored readings to return. The <start> parameter specifies the first stored reading to return. Note that the first stored read- ing in the buffer is #0.
Page 211 6-14 Buffer Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual FORMat:ELEMents <item list> Select elements for TRACe:DATA? <item list> = READing, CHANnel, UNITs, RNUMber, TSTamp The data returned by TRACe:DATA? can include from one to all five data elements shown in the above item list. For example, if you want the units and reading number included with...
Page 212: Programming Example
*OPC and *OPC? Programming example The following command sequence stores 20 readings in the buffer and then calculates the mean for those readings. Note that after sending a query command, the Model 2700 must be addressed to talk. NOTE The following example can be run from the KE2700 Instrument Driver using the example named “BufStats”...
Page 213 6-16 Buffer Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 214: Scanning
Scanning • Scanning fundamentals — Explains channel assignments (slot/channel programming format), the difference between sequential and non-sequential scans, and the basic scan process. Block diagrams (known as trigger models) are provided to help explain the STEP and SCAN operations. • Scan configuration —...
Page 215: Scanning Fundamentals
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning fundamentals The Model 2700 can scan the channels of up to five installed Keithley switching modules. Each scan channel can have its own unique setup. Aspects of operation that can be uniquely set for each channel include function, range, rate, AC bandwidth, rel, filter, digits, math, Ω...
Page 216: Channel Assignments
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning Channel assignments A switching module has a certain number of channels. For example, the Model 7700 switching module has 22 channels (1 through 22). When you encounter a 1 or 2-digit channel number in this manual, the switching module channel is the point of discussion.
Page 217: Scan Process
Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scan process Basic scan — For functions that use 2-wire measurements, the basic scan process is to (1) open any closed channel, (2) close a channel, and then (3) perform the measurement. This 3-step process is repeated for each channel in the scan.
Page 218 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning NOTE The trigger model in Figure 7-2 also applies for bus operation. See “Remote programming — scanning,” page 7-26, for differences between front panel and remote scanning. For the following discussion, refer to...
Page 219 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure 7-2 Trigger model with SCAN function Enable Scan Close First Chan in List Trigger Another Counter Scan? Event Control Detection Source Immediate External Timer Timer Manual* Output Enabled Bus* Trigger Timer Bypass Timer >...
Page 220 After the last channel in the scan list is measured, the Model 2700 outputs a trigger pulse. If programmed to again scan the channels in the scan list, the Model 2700 will wait at the control source for another trigger event. After all the scan list channels are again measured, the Model 2700 will output another trigger pulse.
Page 221 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Immediate control source With immediate triggering, event detection is immediate allowing channels to be scanned. Timer control source With the timer source enabled (selected), event detection is immediately satisfied. On the initial pass through the loop, the Timer Bypass is enabled allowing operation to bypass the Timer and continue to the Delay block.
Page 222 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning The auto delay period cannot be adjusted by the user. It is a fixed delay for the selected function and range (Table 8-1). NOTE When scanning, the auto delay times in Table 8-1 are valid for all control sources (Immediate, External, Timer, Manual, or Bus).
Page 223: Scan Configuration
7-10 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCAN operation — When a scan is started, one or more complete scans will be performed. The number of channels in the scan list determines the number of channels for each scan. The reading count determines the number of scans to perform and is best explained by an example.
Page 224 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-11 Figure 7-3 Scan configuration flowchart SHIFT CONFIG Simple Advanced Reset Setup Min Chan Max Chan Imm Scan? Timer? Timer? Rdg Cnt Rdg Cnt NOTE The instrument is always configured to run a scan. On power-up, each available channel uses the power-on default setup.
Page 225 7-12 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Hold — Reading hold cannot be used with scanning. Do not set up a scan channel to use hold and do not run a scan with hold enabled. Δ ∇ NOTE When in the scan setup menu, use the edit keys ( ,...
Page 226: Scan Reset
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-13 Scan reset From the scan configuration menu, you can reset the scan configuration to the default setup for a simple scan. For the Model 7700 switching module, channels 21 and 22 are turned off (not used), and...
Page 227: Advanced Scan
7-14 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual If you enabled the timer, set the timer interval using the hour/minute/second format. The timer can be set from 0.001 sec (00H:00M:00.001S) to 99 hrs, 99 min, 99.999 sec (99H:99M:99.999S). Note that pressing the AUTO key sets the timer to 0.001 sec.
Page 228 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-15 Advanced scan setup notes The CHAN annunciator is on while in the scan setup menu. For some channel-specific setups, you have to configure them from a menu. For example, to set up and enable mX+B, you have to use MATH menu. While in that menu, the CHAN annunciator will flash to indicate that you are editing the mX+b math setup for that channel in the scan list.
Page 229 7-16 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Advanced scan setup procedure Step 1: Select the advanced scan configuration menu Press SHIFT and then CONFIG to access the scan setup menu. Δ ∇ Press the key to display INT: ADVANCED and press ENTER.
Page 230 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-17 Step 3: Enable immediate scan The present state of immediate scan (IMM SCAN) is displayed; Y (yes, which is the factory and *RST default) or N (no). With immediate scan enabled, the scan will start Δ...
Page 231: Setting Delay
7-18 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Setting delay As shown in Figure 7-1 Figure 7-2, a delay (auto or manual) can be set by the user. With auto delay selected, the delay period depends on function and range (Table 8-1).
Page 232 Monitor scan,” page 7-36.” NOTE An overflow reading (“OVRFLW” message displayed) is interpreted by the Model 2700 as a positive reading, even if the input signal is negative. This could inadvertently trigger a monitor scan (see “Scan operation — Monitor scan,”...
Page 233: Auto Channel Configuration
7-20 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Auto channel configuration Auto channel configuration allows you to recall scan list setups. With auto channel configuration enabled, a closed channel assumes the scan list setup. With this feature, you can inspect the channel setups of the scan, or manually scan channels. When a scan channel is disabled (not in scan list), it cannot be closed with auto channel configuration enabled.
Page 234: Saving Setup
When auto scan is enabled, the scan operation is saved in memory. If power to the Model 2700 is interrupted, the scan will resume when power is restored. With auto scan enabled, the last scan setup becomes the power-on setup. It takes precedence over the factory, *RST, or user-saved power-on setup.
Page 235: Scan Operation
7-22 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scan operation A basic scan is controlled solely by the STEP and SCAN keys. When one of these keys is pressed, the STEP or SCAN operation will be performed. For the manual/external trigger scan, the TRIG key or triggers received from another instrument starts the STEP or SCAN operation.
Page 236: Manual/External Trigger Scan
After the last scan is completed, the scan remains enabled (SCAN annunciator on), but the Model 2700 goes into the idle state. If you wish to repeat the scans, you will have to first take the Model 2700 out of idle. This can be done by pressing the SCAN (or TRIG) key.
Page 237: Monitor Scan (Analog Trigger)
NOTE An overflow reading (“OVRFLW” message displayed) is interpreted by the Model 2700 as a positive reading, even if the input signal is negative. This could inadvertently trigger a monitor scan. For example, assume the monitor channel is monitoring a negative input signal, and the instrument is configured to trigger a monitor scan if a positive input signal is detected.
Page 238 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-25 Δ ∇ Press the key to display IMM SCAN: N and press ENTER. Δ ∇ Press the key to enable or disable low limit 1 (LLIM1 SCAN:N/Y), and press ENTER. Δ ∇...
Page 239: Remote Programming - Scanning
7-26 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote programming — scanning NOTE Scanning examples (remote programming and front panel operation) are provided at the end of this section. Trigger model The trigger model for bus operation is shown in Figure 7-2.
Page 240: Channel Setup
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-27 Channel setup The <clist> parameter is used to set up scan channels. For example, the following examples show how to set up scan channel 101: FUNC 'VOLT', (@101) ' Set 101 for DCV.
Page 241 7-28 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 7-1 Scanning commands Commands Description Default Ref Scan commands ROUTe:SCAN <clist> Specify list of channels to be scanned. ROUTe:SCAN? Returns list of channels to be scanned. ROUTe:SCAN:TSOurce <list> Select trigger(s) to start scan; <list> = IMMediate, or HLIMit1, LLIMit1, HLIMit2, LLIMit2.
Page 242 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-29 Table 7-1 (continued) Scanning commands Commands Description Default Ref Trigger commands TRIGger:SOURce <name> Select control source; <name> = IMMediate, TIMer, MANual, BUS, or EXTernal. TRIGger:TIMer <n> Set timer interval in sec; <n> = 0.001 to 999999.999.
Page 243 7-30 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Reference ROUTe:SCAN <clist> — Channels will be scanned in the order that they are listed. The following example shows the proper format for specifying channels in a scan list for a sequential scan:...
Page 244 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-31 For the 4-wire resistance function, channels 101through 110 will be paired to channels 111 through 120. ROUT:SCAN? returns the following scan list: (@101:110) Now assume the scan is returned to DCV function as follows: SENS:FUNC 'VOLT',(@101:120) The above command sets channels 101 through 120 for DCV.
Page 245: Scanning Programming Example
7-32 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SAMPle:COUNt and TRIGger:COUNt — Sample count specifies the number of readings to scan and store in the buffer, while the trigger count specifies the number of scans to perform. If the sample count is greater than the number of channels in the scan list (scan list length), operation wraps around to the beginning of the scan list and continues.
Page 246: Scanning Examples
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-33 Scanning examples The following scanning examples assume that the Model 7700 switching module is installed in slot 1 of the mainframe. Tables are used for the procedure steps to configure and run scan examples. The left side of the table provides the front panel procedure, while the right side shows the equivalent remote programming commands.
Page 247 As shown in the operation model, when the scan is enabled, channel 101 closes and the Model 2700 waits for an external trigger. When the trigger is received, channels 101 and 102 are measured. Operation then returns to the control source where it waits for another trigger.
Page 248 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-35 Table 7-2 External trigger scan example Front panel operation Remote programming Restore defaults: Restore defaults (SHIFT SETUP > RESTORE: FACT). *RST For front panel operation, proceed to step 3. For remote programming, clear buffer and disable...
Page 249: Monitor Scan
30°C, the instrument will remain in the monitor mode. When the temperature reading reaches 30°C, the Model 2700 switches over to the scan mode. Figuratively speaking, it is as if a “finger” presses the SCAN key when the monitor detects that the average temperature is at or above 30°C.
Page 250 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning 7-37 Figure 7-5 Monitor scan example Monitor Mode: Close Monitor Channel (101) ≥30˚C SCAN Measure TEMP Scan Mode: Close First Return to Channel Monitor Mode Measurements Open Last Chan Close Next Chan Measure...
Page 251 7-38 Scanning Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 7-3 Monitor scan example Front panel operation Remote programming Restore defaults (SHIFT SETUP > RESTORE: FACT). SYST:PRES For front panel operation, proceed to step 3. For remote programming, clear the buffer:...
Page 252: Triggering
Reading hold — Explains the Reading Hold feature which is used to screen out readings that are not within a specified reading window. • External triggering — Explains external triggering which allows the Model 2700 to trigger and be triggered by other instruments. •...
Page 253: Trigger Model
Triggering Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Trigger model The flow chart in Figure 8-1 summarizes triggering as viewed from the front panel. It is called a trigger model because it is modeled after the SCPI commands used to control triggering.
Page 254: Idle
An input trigger via the Trigger Link line EXT TRIG is received. • The front panel TRIG key is pressed. (The Model 2700 must be taken out of remote before it will respond to the TRIG key. Use the LOCAL key or send GTL over the bus.)
Page 255: Delay (Auto Or Manual)
Normal measurement state — With auto delay selected and the External or Bus control source selected, the Model 2700 selects a delay based on the selected voltage range. The auto delay period cannot be adjusted by the user. The auto delays are listed in Table 8-1.
Page 256: Device Action
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Triggering If MANual is chosen, also enter the duration of the delay in the hour/minute/second Δ ∇ format using the , and keys. The maximum is 99H:99M:99.999S:. Note that pressing the AUTO key sets the delay to 0.001 sec. Press ENTER to accept the delay or EXIT for no change.
Page 257: Output Trigger
Press DCV to measure DC voltage. Apply the test signal to the input of the Model 2700. Once the signal becomes stable enough to satisfy the hold condition, the reading is released and the beeper sounds (if enabled).
Page 258: External Triggering
Digital I/O Pin 6 (Ext Trig) of the Digital I/O can also be used as the external trigger input for the Model 2700. Line 2 of the TRIG LINK is physically connected to pin 6 of the Digital I/O connector.
Page 259: External Trigger
Figure 8-4. In general, external triggers can be used to control measure operations. For the Model 2700 to respond to external triggers, the trigger model must be configured for it. Figure 8-4 Trigger link input pulse specifications (EXT TRIG)
Page 260: Voltmeter Complete
The VMC output provides a TTL-compatible output pulse that can be used to trigger other instruments. The specifications for this trigger pulse are shown in Figure 8-5. Typically, you would want the Model 2700 to output a trigger after the settling time of each measurement. Figure 8-5 Trigger link output pulse specifications (VMC)
Page 261: External Triggering Example
8-7. Trigger Link of the Model 2700 is connected to Trigger Link (either IN or OUT) of the Model 7002. Note that with the default trigger settings on the Model 7002, line #1 is an input and line #2 is...
Page 262 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Triggering 8-11 For this example, the Models 2700 and 7002 are configured as follows: Model 2700 Factory defaults restored (accessed from SHIFT-SETUP) External triggers (accessed from EX TRIG) Buffer enabled and set to store 400 readings...
Page 263 Scanned Channels Pressing EX TRIG on the Model 2700 places it at point A in the flowchart, where it is waiting for an external trigger. Pressing STEP on the Model 7002 takes it out of the idle state and places operation at point B in the flow chart.
Page 264: External Triggering With Bnc Connections
(point F) and then loops back to point A where it waits for another input trigger. The trigger applied to the Model 7002 from the Model 2700 closes the next channel in the scan. This triggers the Model 2700 to measure the next DUT. The process continues until all 400 channels are scanned, measured, and stored in the buffer.
Page 265: Remote Programming - Triggering
FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING. Model 2700 Remote programming — triggering Trigger model (remote operation) The following paragraphs describe how the Model 2700 operates for remote operation. The flow chart in Figure 8-10 summarizes operation over the bus. The flow chart is called the trigger model because operation is controlled by SCPI commands from the Trigger subsystem.
Page 266 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Triggering 8-15 • *RST What happens next depends on the state of initiation. If continuous initiation is already enabled, the instrument will leave the idle state. SYSTem:PRESet enables continuous initiation. Therefore, operation will immediately leave the idle state when it is sent. The *RCL command will do the same if INITiation:CONTinuous ON is a user-saved default.
Page 267 8-16 Triggering Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure 8-10 Trigger model (remote operation) :ABOrt *RCL 0 START :SYST:PRES *RST :INIT (:IMM) Idle :INIT:CONT ON Initiate :INIT (:IMM) :INIT:CONT ON :Trigger:Signal Another Trigger Event Control Detection Source :Trigger:Count<n> | INFinity...
Page 268: Trigger Model Operation
• MANual — Event detection is satisfied by pressing the TRIG key. The Model 2700 must be in LOCAL mode for it to respond to the TRIG key. Press the LOCAL key or send GTL over the bus to remove the instrument from the remote mode.
Page 269: Triggering Commands
Triggering Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Output Trigger — The Model 2700 will send one or more output triggers. The output trigger is applied to the Trigger Link connector on the rear panel. It can be used to trigger an external instrument to perform an operation.
Page 270 Triggering 8-19 Reference ABORt — With continuous initiation disabled, the 2700 goes into the idle state. With continuous initiation enabled, operation continues at the top of the trigger model. INITiate — Whenever the instrument is operating within the trigger model, sending this command causes an error and will be ignored.
Page 271: Programming Example
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Programming example The following program fragment triggers (and stores in the buffer) 10 readings. Note that in order to send the readings to the computer, you must address the Model 2700 to talk after sending READ?. *RST ' Restore *RST defaults.
Page 272: Limits And Digital I/O
Limits and Digital I/O • Limits — Explains how to perform limit tests on measured readings. • Digital I/O — Covers the digital I/O port. Explains how the five digital outputs respond to the results of limit tests. • Remote programming — limits and digital output — Summarizes the commands to perform limit tests and control the digital I/O port.
Page 273: Limits
Limits and Digital I/O Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Limits NOTE Limits cannot be used with the CONT function. When using limits, you can set and control the values that determine the HIGH/IN/LOW status of subsequent measurements. The limit test is performed on the result of an enabled Rel, Math, Ratio, or Channel Average operation.
Page 274 The LOW annunciator is not used for an overflow reading. An overflow reading is interpreted by the Model 2700 as a positive reading, even if the input signal is negative. That is the reason why the LOW annunciator does not turn on.
Page 275: Scanning
Limits and Digital I/O Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Scanning When a simple scan is configured, the present limit values and state will apply to all channels in the scan. When an advanced scan is configured, each channel can have its own unique limits configuration.
Page 276: Digital I/O
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Limits and Digital I/O Digital I/O Model 2700’s Digital I/O port is accessed at a male DB-9 connector located on the rear panel. The connector location and pin designations are shown in Figure 9-2.
Page 277: Digital Outputs
Limits and Digital I/O Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Digital outputs The digital I/O port has five digital outputs. Each digital output can be used as a sink to control devices (e.g., relays), or as a source to provide input to external logic (TTL or CMOS) circuitry.
Page 278 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Limits and Digital I/O When a limit (LO1, HI2, LO2, HL2) is reached, the digital output line for that limit will be pulled high or low. When a reading is within the limit, the output line is released. Digital output 5 is the logical OR of the four limits.
Page 279 Limits and Digital I/O Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Sink mode — controlling external devices Each output can be operated from an external supply (voltage range from +5V to +33V applied through the external device being driven). The high current sink capacity of the output driver allows direct control of relays, solenoids, and lamps (no additional circuitry needed).
Page 280 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Limits and Digital I/O Figure 9-4 Controlling externally powered relays Model 2700 Pin 7 - Diode Clamp Relay Coil Digital Output #1 4.75k Flyback Diode External Power Pull Up Resistor (+5V to +33V) Digital Output...
Page 281: Setting Digital Output
CAUTION Each output line can source up to 200µA. Exceeding 200µA may cause damage to Model 2700 that is not covered by the warranty. Figure 9-5 shows how to connect a logic device to one of the output lines. When the output line is pulled high, the transistor will turn off (transistor switch open) to provide a reliable logic high output (>3.75V).
Page 282 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Limits and Digital I/O 9-11 NOTE The factory default pulse time is 2ms maximum. Using remote programming, pulse time can be set from 0.001 to 99999.999 sec. It cannot be set from the front panel.
Page 283: Scanning
While limits can be configured on a per scan channel basis, the digital output configura- tion cannot. Therefore, for all scan channels that are set to use limits, the digital output will function according to how the Model 2700 is set up when the scan is run. Remote programing — limits and digital output...
Page 284 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Limits and Digital I/O 9-13 Table 9-2 (continued) Limits and digital I/O commands Commands Description Digital output commands CALCulate3:OUTPut:LSENse <name> Set logic sense; <name> = AHIGh or ALOW. AHIGh CALCulate3:OUTPut:[STATe] <b> Enable/disable digital outputs; <b> = ON or OFF.
Page 285: Limits And Digital Outputs Programming Example
:CLEar command. Limits and digital outputs programming example The following command sequence configures the Model 2700 to perform Limit 1 test on a DCV reading. If the 100mV limit is reached, digital output # 2 will be pulled low. If the -100mV limit is reached, digital output #1 will be pulled low.
Page 286: Limits
5%. Bin 3 is for resistors that exceed 5% tolerance. The digital outputs of the Model 2700 can be used to further automate the test system by controlling a compatible component handler to perform the binning operations.
Page 287 9-16 Limits and Digital I/O Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Limit 1 will be used to test for the 1% tolerance and Limit 2 will be used to test for the 5% tolerance. The resistance values for the 1% and 5% tolerances are calculated as follows: Ω...
Page 288: Digital Outputs
Keep in mind that a fail condition must be reset before testing the next resistor. Fail can be reset manually or automatically (see Table 9-2, CLEar command). Digital outputs With the digital outputs of the Model 2700 enabled, the digital outputs will respond as follows for each resistor reading: Resistor Affected LO limit 2...
Page 289 9-18 Limits and Digital I/O Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 290: Remote Operations
Front panel GPIB operation — Summarizes GPIB error messages, status indicators, and using the LOCAL key. • Programming syntax — Describes the basic programming syntax for both common and SCPI commands. • RS-232 interface operation — Outlines use of the RS-232 interface to control the Model 2700.
Page 291: Operation Enhancements
A pseudocard cannot be installed from the front panel. However, once it is installed, you can take the Model 2700 out of remote and use the front panel. When the instrument is turned off, the pseudocard will be lost (uninstalled).
Page 292: Separate Function Setups
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote Operations 10-3 Separate function setups A few settings from the front panel are global. That is, the setting on one function also applies to the other functions. For example, if you set DCV for 3H digits, all the other func- tions will also be set to 3H digits.
Page 293: Gpib Setup
The above standards define a syntax for sending data to and from instruments, how an instrument interprets this data, what registers should exist to record the state of the instru- ment, and a group of common commands. The Model 2700 also conforms to this standard: •...
Page 294: Gpib Connections
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote Operations 10-5 GPIB connections To connect the Model 2700 to the GPIB bus, use a cable equipped with standard IEEE-488 connectors as shown in Figure 10-1. Figure 10-1 IEEE-488 connector To allow many parallel connections to one instrument, stack the connectors. Two screws are located on each connector to ensure that connections remain secure.
Page 295 Instrument Controller To avoid possible mechanical damage, stack no more than three connectors on any one unit. NOTE To minimize interference caused by electromagnetic radiation, use only shielded IEEE-488 cables. Available shielded cables from Keithley are Models 7007-1 and 7007-2.
Page 296 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote Operations 10-7 To connect the Model 2700 to the IEEE-488 bus, follow these steps: Line up the cable connector with the connector located on the rear panel. The connector is designed so it will fit only one way.
Page 297: General Bus Commands
Serial polls the Model 2700. REN (remote enable) The remote enable command is sent to the Model 2700 by the controller to set up the instrument for remote operation. Generally, the instrument should be placed in the remote mode before you attempt to program it over the bus. Setting REN true does not place the instrument in the remote state.
Page 298: Llo (Local Lockout)
DCL. GET (group execute trigger) GET is a GPIB trigger that is used as a trigger event to control operation. The Model 2700 reacts to this trigger if it is the programmed trigger control source. The following com-...
Page 299: Front Panel Gpib Operation
Clear) command. LSTN This indicator is on when the Model 2700 is in the listener active state, which is activated by addressing the instrument to listen with the correct MLA (My Listen Address) com- mand. LSTN is off when the unit is in the listener idle state. Place the unit in the listener idle state by sending UNL (Unlisten), addressing it to talk, or sending IFC (Interface Clear) command over the bus.
Page 300: Local Key
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote Operations 10-11 You can program the instrument to generate a service request (SRQ) when one or more errors or conditions occur. When this indicator is on, a service request has been generated. This indicator stays on until the serial poll byte is read or all the conditions that caused SRQ have been cleared.
Page 301 10-12 Remote Operations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual These brackets indicate that IMMediate is implied (optional) and does not have to be used. Thus, the above command can be sent in one of two ways: INITiate INITiate:IMMediate Notice that the optional command is used without the brackets. When using optional command words in your program, do not include the brackets.
Page 302: Query Commands
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote Operations 10-13 Angle brackets < > Angle brackets (< >) are used to denote a parameter type. Do not include the brackets in the program message. For example: RATio <b> The <b> indicates a Boolean-type parameter is required.
Page 303: Long-Form And Short-Form Versions
10-14 Remote Operations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Long-form and short-form versions An SCPI command word can be sent in its long-form or short-form version. The command subsystem tables in Section 15 provide the long-form version. However, the short-form version is indicated by upper case characters.
Page 304: Program Messages
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote Operations 10-15 Program messages A program message is made up of one or more command words sent by the computer to the instrument. Each common command is a three letter acronym preceded by an asterisk (*).
Page 305 10-16 Remote Operations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Command path rules • Each new program message must begin with the root command, unless it is optional (e.g., [SENSe]). If the root is optional, simply treat a command word on the next level as the root.
Page 306: Response Messages
10-15), the multiple response messages for all the queries are sent to the computer when the Model 2700 is addressed to talk. The responses are sent in the order the query commands were sent and are separated by semicolons (;). Items within the same query are separated by commas (,).
Page 307: Rs-232 Interface Operation
EXIT. The next command to send buffer data (i.e., TRACe:DATA?) will start at the beginning, rather than where the transmission was halted. Baud rate The baud rate is the rate at which the Model 2700 multimeter and the programming terminal communicate. Choose one these available rates: •...
Page 308: Signal Handshaking (Flow Control)
XonXoFF is the FACT and *RST default flow control setting. If NONE is the selected flow control, then there will be no signal handshaking between the controller and the Model 2700. Data will be lost if transmitted before the receiving device is ready.
Page 309: Selecting And Configuring Rs-232 Interface
10-20 Remote Operations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Selecting and configuring RS-232 interface After selecting (enabling) the RS-232 interface, you will then set the baud rate, flow control, and terminator. Press the SHIFT key and then the RS-232 key. The RS 232 ON or RS 232 OFF message will be displayed.
Page 310 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Remote Operations 10-21 Figure 10-4 RS-232 interface connector Rear Panel Connector...
Page 311: Error Messages
10-22 Remote Operations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 10-2 RS-232 connector pinout Pin number Description No connection TXD, transmit data RXD, receive data No connection GND, signal ground Not used RTS, ready to send CTS, clear to send No connection CTS and RTS are not used.
Page 312: Status Structure
Status Structure • Overview — Provides an operational overview of the status structure for the Model 2700. • Clearing registers and queues — Covers the actions that clear (reset) registers and queues. • Programming and reading registers — Explains how to program enable registers and read any register in the status structure.
Page 313: Overview
Status Structure Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Overview The Model 2700 provides a series of status registers and queues allowing the operator to monitor and manipulate the various instrument events. The status structure is shown in Figure 11-1. The heart of the status structure is the Status Byte Register. This register can be read by the user’s test program to determine if a service request (SRQ) has occurred,...
Page 314 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status Structure 11-3 Figure 11-1 Model 2700 status register structure Questionable Questionable Questionable Condition Event Event Enable Register Register Register & & & & Temperature Summary Temp Temp Temp & & & Logical &...
Page 315: Clearing Registers And Queues
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Clearing registers and queues When the Model 2700 is turned on, the bits of all registers in the status structure are cleared (reset to 0), and the two queues are empty. Commands to reset the event and event...
Page 316: Programming And Reading Registers
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status Structure 11-5 Programming and reading registers Programming enable registers The only registers that can be programmed by the user are the enable registers. All other registers in the status structure are read-only registers. The following explains how to ascertain the parameter values for the various commands used to program enable registers.
Page 317: Reading Registers
11-6 Status Structure Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Reading registers Any register in the status structure can be read by using the appropriate query (?) com- mand. The following explains how to interpret the returned value (response message). The...
Page 318: Status Byte Register
Service (RQS) bit or the Master Summary Status (MSS) bit: • When using the serial poll sequence of the Model 2700 to obtain the status byte (a.k.a. serial poll byte), B6 is the RQS bit. See “Serial polling and SRQ,”...
Page 319: Service Request Enable Register
Typically, SRQs are managed by the serial poll sequence of the Model 2700. If an SRQ does not occur, bit B6 (RQS) of the Status Byte Register will remain cleared, and the program will simply proceed normally after the serial poll is performed.
Page 320: Status Byte And Service Request Commands
1. The last command reads the Status Byte Register. Keep in mind that you have to address the Model 2700 to talk after sending a query command. To determine the exact nature of the error, you will have to read the Error Queue (see “Queues,”...
Page 321: Serial Poll Programming Example
11-10 Status Structure Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Serial poll programming example This example is written specifically for the KPCI-488.2 GPIB card and QuickBasic/ VisualBasic with the appropriate IEEE libraries. Other types of cards and/or languages may have different function calls that are equivalent to the initialize(), transmit(), send(), srq, and spoll() calls used below.
Page 322 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status Structure 11-11 ' $INCLUDE: 'ieeeqb.bi' ' Clear PC output screen. CONST addr = 16 ' Set instrument address. ' Init GPIB. CALL initialize(21, 0) CALL transmit("unt unl listen " + STR$(addr) + " sdc unl", status%)' Send Device Clear.
Page 323: Status Register Sets
Bit B0, Operation Complete (OPC) — Set bit indicates that all pending selected • device operations are completed and the Model 2700 is ready to accept new com- mands. This bit only sets in response to the *OPC? query command. See Section 12 for details on *OPC and *OPC?.
Page 324 Bit B6, User Request (URQ) — Set bit indicates that the LOCAL key on the • Model 2700 front panel was pressed. Bit B7, Power On (PON) — Set bit indicates that the Model 2700 has been turned • off and turned back on since the last time this register has been read.
Page 325 Bits B8, Filter Settled (Filt) — Set bit indicates that the filter has settled or the filter is disabled. • Bit B9 — Not used. Bit B10, Idle State (Idle) — Set bit indicates the Model 2700 is in the idle state. • • Bits B11 through B15 — Not used.
Page 326 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status Structure 11-15 Measurement event register The used bits of the Measurement Event Register (Figure 11-6) are described as follows: • Bit B0, Reading Overflow (ROF) — Set bit indicates that the reading exceeds the measurement range of the instrument.
Page 327 11-16 Status Structure Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual • Bit B13, Buffer Three-Quarter Full (BTF) — Set bit indicates that the trace buffer is three-quarters full. • Bit B14, Master Limit (ML) — Set bit indicates that one or more of the other limits have been reached or exceeded.
Page 328 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status Structure 11-17 Questionable event register The used bits of the Questionable Event Register (Figure 11-7) are described as follows: • Bits B0 through B3 — Not used. • Bit B4, Temperature Summary (Temp) — Set bit indicates that an invalid refer- ence junction measurement has occurred for thermocouple temperature measurements.
Page 329: Condition Registers
For example, while the Model 2700 is in the idle state, bit B10 (Idle) of the Operation Condition Register will be set. When the instrument is taken out of idle, bit B10 clears.
Page 330: Event Enable Registers
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status Structure 11-19 Event enable registers Figure 11-1 shows, each status register set has an enable register. Each event register bit is logically ANDed (&) to a corresponding enable bit of an enable register. Therefore,...
Page 331 11-20 Status Structure Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Programming examples Example 1 – Program and read a register set NOTE The following example can be run from the KE2700 Instrument Driver using the example named “Prmr” in Table H-1...
Page 332 TRAC:POIN 500 ' Sets buffer size to 500 readings. TRAC:FEED SENS ' Sets to store raw readings. TRIG:COUN 500 ' Sets 2700 to perform 500 measurements. TRAC:FEED:CONT NEXT ' Enables buffer. INIT ' Starts measurement and storage process. *OPC ' Sets OPC bit B0 of standard event register after the ' measure-store process is finished.
Page 333: Queues
Output Queue is considered cleared when it is empty. An empty Output Queue clears the MAV bit in the Status Byte Register. A message is read from the Output Queue by addressing the Model 2700 to talk after the appropriate query is sent.
Page 334 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status Structure 11-23 On power-up, all error messages are enabled and will go into the Error Queue as they occur. Status messages are not enabled and will not go into the queue. As listed in Table 11-6, there are commands to enable and/or disable messages.
Page 335 11-24 Status Structure Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 336: Common Commands
Common Commands...
Page 337 Returns the model numbers of the switching modules installed in the Model 2700. Returns “NONE” if a slot is empty. *RCL <NRf> Recall command Returns Model 2700 to the user-saved setup (0, 1, 2, or 3). *RST Reset command Returns Model 2700 to the *RST default conditions.
Page 338 ‘ Sends the OPC command. *ESR? ‘ Reads the Standard Event Status Register. After addressing the Model 2700 to talk, the returned value of 0 denotes that the bit (bit 0) is not set indicating that the :INITiate operation is not complete. ABORt ‘...
Page 339 12-4 Common Commands Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual After addressing the Model 2700 to talk, the returned value of 1 denotes that the bit (bit 1) is set indicating that the :INITiate operation is now complete. SYST:PRES ‘ Returns 2700 to default setup.
Page 340 After all five measurements are performed and the instrument returns to the idle state, an ASCII ‘1’ will be placed in the Output Queue. After addressing the Model 2700 to talk, the ‘1’ from the Output Queue is sent to the computer.
Page 341 Query installed switching modules Use this query command to determine which switching modules are installed in the Model 2700. For example, if a Model 7703 is installed in slot 1, and the other slot is empty, the response message will look like this: 7703, NONE Note that the model number of an installed pseudocard is returned in the same manner.
Page 342 G *TRG — trigger Send bus trigger to Model 2700 Use the *TRG command to issue a GPIB trigger to Model 2700. It has the same effect as a group execute trigger (GET). Use the *TRG command as an event to control operation. Model 2700 reacts to this trigger if BUS is the programmed arm control source.
Page 343 See *OPC, *OPC? and *TRG for more information. The INITiate commands remove the Model 2700 from the idle state. The device operations of :INITiate are not considered complete until the Model 2700 returns to idle. By sending the *WAI command after the INITiate command, all subsequent commands will not execute until the Model 2700 goes back into idle.
Page 344: Scpi Signal Oriented Measurement Commands
SCPI Signal Oriented Measurement Commands...
Page 345 Table 13-1 Signal oriented measurement command summary Command Description CONFigure:<function> [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Places the Model 2700 in a “one-shot” measurement mode for the specified function. FETCh? Requests the latest reading. READ? Performs an ABORt, INITiate, and a FETCh?.
Page 346 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Signal Oriented Commands 13-3 NOTES The CONFigure:<function> and MEASure:<function>? commands can be sent without any of the optional parameters (<rang>, <res>, <clist>). For details, see the “Description” for the CONFigure and MEASure commands.
Page 347: Configure: [], [], []
13-4 SCPI Signal Oriented Commands Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual CONFigure:<function> [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] CONFigure:VOLTage[:DC] [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Configure DCV CONFigure:VOLTage:AC [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Configure ACV CONFigure:CURRent[:DC] [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Configure DCI CONFigure:CURRent:AC [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Configure ACI Configure Ω2 CONFigure:RESistance [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>]...
Page 348 The count values of the Trigger Model are set to one. • The delay of the Trigger Model is set to zero. • The Model 2700 is placed in the idle state. • All math calculations are disabled. • Buffer operation is disabled. A storage operation presently in process will be aborted.
Page 349: Fetch
Description This command requests the latest post-processed reading. After sending this command and addressing the Model 2700 to talk, the reading is sent to the computer. This command does not affect the instrument setup. This command does not trigger a measurement. The command simply requests the last available reading.
Page 350: Read
Buffer operation is covered in Section The buffer of the Model 2700 is nonvolatile. Therefore, readings stored in the buffer are not lost when the instrument is turned off, or when *RST or SYSTem:PRESet is sent. When writing test programs that perform multi-sample measurements (SAMPle:COUNTt >1), you may want to add the TRACe:CLEar...
Page 351: Measure:? [], [], []
13-8 SCPI Signal Oriented Commands Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual MEASure:<function>? [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] MEASure:VOLTage[:DC]? [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Measure DCV MEASure:VOLTage:AC? [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Measure ACV MEASure:CURRent[:DC]? [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Measure DCI MEASure:CURRent:AC? [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] Measure ACI Measure Ω2 MEASure:RESistance? [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>]...
Page 352 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Signal Oriented Commands 13-9 Depending on the specified resolution, the measurement rate is set as follows: 6H -digits NPLC = 1.0 Medium 5H -digits NPLC = 0.1 Fast 3H or 4H -digits NPLC = 0.01 >Fast...
Page 353 13-10 SCPI Signal Oriented Commands Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 354: Format And Miscellaneous System Commands
FORMat and Miscellaneous SYSTem Commands • FORMat commands — Covers the SCPI commands to configure the format that readings are sent over the bus. • Miscellaneous SYSTem commands — Covers miscellaneous SYSTem commands.
Page 355: Format Commands
14-2 FORMat and Misc SYSTem Commands Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual FORMat commands The commands in this subsystem are used to select the format for transferring data, , over the bus. Table 14-1 Table 14-1 SCPI commands — data format...
Page 356 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual FORMat and Misc SYSTem Commands 14-3 ASCII data format The ASCII data format is in a direct readable form for the operator. Most programming languages easily convert ASCII mantissa and exponent to other formats. However, some speed is compromised to accommodate the conversion.
Page 357 14-4 FORMat and Misc SYSTem Commands Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual IEEE-754 binary formats Binary data from the instrument can be returned using the single precision format or the double precision format. The data can be returned in the normal byte order or the swapped (reversed) byte order.
Page 358 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual FORMat and Misc SYSTem Commands 14-5 Figure 14-2 IEEE-754 data formats A. Single precision data format (32 data bits) Data Element Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 s = sign bit (0 = positive, 1 = negative)
Page 359: Format:elements
TRACe:TSTamp:FORMat ' Select timestamp format; ABSolute or DELTa. Reading number — The reading counter starts at zero when the Model 2700 is turned on. When returning buffer readings using TRACe:DATA?, each reading will be referenced to the first reading, which is #0. The following command will reset the counter: SYSTem:RNUMber:RESet.

Page 360: Format:border
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual FORMat and Misc SYSTem Commands 14-7 Limits — For the ASCII data format, limit test results are returned as a 4-bit binary number “abcd” where: a = High limit 2 b = Low limit 2...

Page 361: Miscellaneous System Commands
SYST:PRES, which is slow responding command. Details on *OPC and *OPC? are provided in Section SYSTem:VERSion Read the version of the SCPI standard being used by Model 2700. Example response message: 1996.0. SYSTem:KEY <NRf> Parameters 1 = SHIFT key...
Page 362: System:beeper[:State]
14-3. The queue for the :KEY? query command can only hold one key-press. When :KEY? is sent and Model 2700 is addressed to talk, the key-press code number for the last key “pressed” is sent to the computer. SYSTem:BEEPer[:STATe] <b>...

Page 363 14-10 FORMat and Misc SYSTem Commands Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 364: Scpi Reference Tables
SCPI Reference Tables...
Page 365: Reference Tables
NOTE The commands listed in the following tables pertain to operation of the Model 2700 and the Model 7700 switching module. For commands that are unique to operation of other switching modules, refer to the packing list provided with each switch module.
Page 366 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-3 Table 15-1 CALCulate command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI CALCulate[1] Subsystem to control CALC 1: Sec 5 :FORMat <name> Select math format (NONE, MXB, PERCent, or PERCent [<, clist>] RECiprocal).
Page 367 15-4 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-1 (continued) CALCulate command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI CALCulate3 Subsystem to control CALC 3 (limit test): Sec 9 :MLIMit Path for master limit command: :LATChed <b> Enable or disable master limit latch.
Page 368 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-5 Table 15-1 (continued) CALCulate command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI CALCulate3 :LIMit2 Path to control LIMIT 2 test: :UPPer Path to configure upper limit: [:DATA] <n> Set upper limit (-4294967295 to [, <clist>]...
Page 369 15-6 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-2 DISPlay command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI DISPlay (see Note) Sec 1 [:WINDow[1]] :TEXT Path to control user text messages. :DATA <a> ASCII message “a” (up to 12 characters).
Page 370 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-7 Table 15-4 ROUTe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI ROUTe :MONitor <clist> Specify one channel to be monitored. Sec 7 :STATe <b> Enable or disable channel monitoring. :STATe? Query state of channel monitoring.
Page 371 15-8 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-4 (continued) ROUTe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI ROUTe :MULTiple Path to control multiple channels: Sec 2 :OPEN <clist> Open channel(s) specified in list. Unlisted channels not affected.
Page 372 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-9 Table 15-5 SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :FUNCtion <name> Select function: ‘VOLTage[:DC]’, VOLT:DC Sec 3 [, <clist>] ‘VOLTage :AC’, ‘CURRent[:DC]’, ‘CURRent:AC’, ‘RESistance’, ‘FRESistance’, ‘TEMPerature’, ‘FREQuency’, ‘PERiod’, ‘CONTinuity’.
Page 373 15-10 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :VOLTage[:DC] Path to configure DC voltage. Sec 3 :APERture <n> [, <clist>] Set integration rate in seconds (60Hz;...
Page 374 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-11 Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :VOLTage:AC Path to configure AC voltage. Sec 3 :APERture <n> [, <clist>] Set integration rate in seconds (60Hz;...
Page 375 15-12 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :CURRent[:DC] Path to configure DC current. Sec 3 :APERture <n> [, <clist>] Set integration rate in seconds (60Hz;...
Page 376 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-13 Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :CURRent:AC Path to configure AC current. Sec 3 :APERture <n> [, <clist>] Set integration rate in seconds (60Hz;...
Page 377 15-14 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :RESistance Path to configure resistance. Sec 3 :APERture <n> [, <clist>] Set integration rate in seconds (60Hz; (Note 2) Sec 4 1.67e-4 to 1, 50Hz;...
Page 378 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-15 Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :FRESistance Path to configure four-wire resistance. Sec 3 :APERture <n> [, <clist>] Set integration rate in seconds (60Hz;...
Page 379 15-16 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :TEMPerature Path to configure temperature: Sec 3 :APERture <n> [, <clist>] Set integration rate in seconds (60Hz; (Note 2) Sec 4 1.67e-4 to 1, 50Hz;...
Page 380 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-17 Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :TEMPerature :TCouple Path to configure thermocouple: Sec 3 :TYPE <type> [, <clist>] Select T/C type (J, K, T, E, R, S, B, N).
Page 381 15-18 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :FREQuency Path to configure frequency. Sec 3 :APERture <n> [, <clist>] Sets gate time for frequency Sec 4 measurements in seconds (0.01 to 1.0).
Page 382 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-19 Table 15-5 (continued) SENSe command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI [SENSe[1]] :CONTinuity Path to configure continuity test: Sec 3 :THReshold <NRf> Set threshold resistance in ohms (1 to 1000).
Page 383 15-20 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-6 STATus command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI STATus (Note 1) Sec 11 :MEASurement Path to control measurement event registers: [:EVENt]? Read the event register. (Note 2) :ENABle <NRf>...
Page 384 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-21 Table 15-7 SYSTem command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI SYSTem :PRESet Return to :SYST:PRES defaults. Sec 14 :POSetup <name> Select power-on setup: (RST, PRESet, SAV0, Sec 1 SAV1, SAV2, or SAV3).
Page 385 15-22 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-7 (continued) SYSTem command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI SYSTem :CARDX [:STARt]? Request lowest numbered volts/2-wire channel (usually 1); 0 = voltage measurements not supported. :END? Request highest numbered volts/2-wire channel.
Page 386 Clears messages from the Error Queue. Sec 11 :VERSion? Query rev level of SCPI standard. Sec 14 :LOCal Take 2700 out of remote and restore operation of Sec 10 front panel controls (RS-232 only). :REMote Place 2700 in remote (RS-232 only). Sec 10 :RWLock Lockout front panel controls (RS-232 only).
Page 387 15-24 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-8 TRACe command summary Default parame- Command Description ter* SCPI TRACe|:DATA Use TRACe or DATA as root command. Sec 6 :CLEar Path to clear the buffer. [:IMMediate] Clear the buffer.
Page 388 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual SCPI Reference Tables 15-25 Table 15-9 Trigger command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI INITiate Subsystem command path: Sec 8 [:IMMediate] Initiate one trigger cycle. :CONTinuous <b> Enable or disable continuous initiation. (Note 1) :CONTinuous? Query continuous initiation.
Page 389 15-26 SCPI Reference Tables Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table 15-10 UNIT command summary Default Command Description parameter SCPI UNIT :TEMPerature <name> Select temperature units (C, CEL, F, Sec 3 FAR, or K). :TEMPerature? Query temperature units. :VOLTage Path to configure voltage units.
Page 390: Specifications
Specifications Model 2700 Data Acquisition/Control System Model 7700 20-Channel Differential Multiplexer w/Automatic CJC...
Page 391 Specifications Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 392 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Specifications...
Page 393 Specifications Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 394 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Specifications...
Page 395 Specifications Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 396: Accuracy Calculations
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Specifications Accuracy calculations The information below discusses how to calculate accuracy for both DC and AC characteristics. Calculating DC characteristics accuracy DC characteristics accuracy is calculated as follows: Accuracy = ±(ppm of reading + ppm of range) (ppm = parts per million, and 10ppm = 0.001%)
Page 397: Calculating Dbm Characteristics Accuracy
Specifications Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Calculating dBm characteristics accuracy As an example of how to calculate the actual reading limits for a 13dBm measurement with a reference impedance of 50Ω , assume an applied signal of 0.998815V. The relationship between voltage and dBm is as follows: ⁄...
Page 398: Additional Derating Factors
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Specifications Thus, the actual reading accuracy is 10mV ±36mV or 10.036mV to 9.964mV. Applying the voltage reading accuracy into the dB equation yields: 10.036mV ------------------------- - – 59.96879dB 9.964mV ---------------------- - – 60.03133dB Thus, the actual reading accuracy is -60dB + 0.031213dB to -60dB - 0.031326dB.
Page 399: Optimizing Measurement Speed
A-10 Specifications Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Optimizing measurement speed The configurations listed below assume that the multimeter has had factory setups restored. DC voltage, DC current, and resistance: • Select 3H digits, 0.01 PLC, filter OFF, fixed range.
Page 400: Model 7700 Connection Guide
Model 7700 Connection Guide...
Page 401: Card Configuration - Schematic
AMP and LO common connections to the DMM are also provided. Channel 23 (2W/4W Configuration), Channel 24 (Sense Isolation), and Channel 25 (Input Isolation) are normally automatically configured by the 2700 for system channel operation. However, by using multiple channel operation (refer to...
Page 402 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7700 Connection Guide Figure B-1 Simplified schematic for Model 7700 Input Sense HI Cold Junction Ref x3 Channel 1 Channel 25 (See Note) (Channels 2–9) Backplane Isolation Channel 10 Input Channel 23 2-Pole (Open)
Page 403: Connections And Wiring
For details to safely make high energy measurements, see “High energy circuit safety precautions” in Section As described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 664, the Model 2700 is Installation Category I and must not be connected to mains.
Page 404: Screw Terminals
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7700 Connection Guide Screw terminals Figure B-2 shows how to access the screw terminals on the Model 7700. Channel designations for the screw terminals are contained in Figure B-3. Figure B-2 Screw terminal access...
Page 405: Wiring Procedure
Model 7700 Connection Guide Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure B-3 Model 7700 screw terminal channel designations INPUT SENSE CH10 Cable CH10 Tie Holes INPUT (V, 2-WIRE) Cable SENSE (OHMS, 4-WIRE) Tie Holes CH17 CH18 CH19 CH20 CH21 CH22...
Page 406 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7700 Connection Guide Using a small flat-blade screwdriver, loosen terminal screws and install wires as desired. (Figure B-4 shows connections to channels 1 and 2.) Route wire along wire-path and secure with cable tie as shown.
Page 407: Typical Connections
Model 7700 Connection Guide Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Typical connections The following examples show typical wiring connections for the following types of measurements: • Thermocouple connections, Figure B-5 Ω2-Wire and thermistor connections, • Figure B-6 Ω4-Wire and RTD connections, •...
Page 408 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7700 Connection Guide Figure B-7 Ω4-Wire and RTD connections Resistor or Channel 1 4-Wire RTD (Channels 2-9) Resistor or Channel 10 4-Wire RTD Channel 11 (Channels 12-19) Channel 20 Figure B-8 Current connections (AC or DC)
Page 409: Connection Log
B-10 Model 7700 Connection Guide Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Figure B-9 Voltage connections (DC or AC) DC Voltage AC Voltage Channel 1 (Channels 2-19) Channel 20 Connection log Make a copy of Table B-1 and affix it to the cover of the Model 7700. Use this to record...
Page 410 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Model 7700 Connection Guide B-11 Table B-1 Connection log Model 7700 Channel Color Description AMPS COM INPUT SENSE CH10 CH11 CH12 CH13 CH14 CH15 CH16 CH17 CH18 CH19 CH20 AMPS 21 AMPS 22...
Page 411 B-12 Model 7700 Connection Guide Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 412: Status And Error Messages
Status and Error Messages...
Page 413 Status and Error Messages Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table C-1 Status and error messages Number Description Event -440 Query unterminated after indefinite response -430 Query deadlocked -420 Query unterminated -410 Query interrupted -363 Input buffer overrun -350 Queue overflow...
Page 414 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status and Error Messages Table C-1 (continued) Status and error messages Number Description Event -148 Character data not allowed -144 Character data too long -141 Invalid character data -140 Character data error -128 Numeric data not allowed...
Page 415 Status and Error Messages Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table C-1 (continued) Status and error messages Number Description Event +101 Operation complete +121 Device calibrating +122 Device settling +123 Device ranging +124 Device sweeping +125 Device measuring +126 Device calculating...
Page 416 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status and Error Messages Table C-1 (continued) Status and error messages Number Description Event Calibration messages: +400 10vdc zero error +401 100vdc zero error +402 10vdc full scale error +403 -10vdc full scale error...
Page 417 Status and Error Messages Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table C-1 (continued) Status and error messages Number Description Event +456 1 vac zero error +457 1 vac full scale error +458 1 vac noise error +459 10 vac zero error...
Page 418 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Status and Error Messages Table C-1 (continued) Status and error messages Number Description Event +496 1 4-w dckt Ioff zero error +497 1 4-w dckt Ion zero error +498 1 4-w dckt Ion full scale error...
Page 419 Status and Error Messages Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 420 Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow...
Page 421: Signal Processing Sequence And Data Flow
With all the various features (filter, rel, math, ratio, channel average, buffer, etc.) of the Model 2700 disabled, the input signal is conditioned and measured (A/D conversion process). The reading is then displayed on the Model 2700.
Page 422: Signal Processing Using Instrument Features
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow Signal processing using instrument features Figure D-2 shows the processing sequence for an input signal with various instrument features enabled. If a feature is not enabled, the reading simply falls through to the next enabled feature or to the display.
Page 423 4-13. Output trigger pulse (VMC) An output trigger pulse from the Model 2700 can be used to trigger an external instrument to perform an operation. In general, a trigger pulse is output at this point in flow chart for each processed reading.
Page 424 The reading that is applied to the Limits block in the flow chart is not modified and is the reading that is displayed on the Model 2700. With Limits enabled, the reading is tested against two sets of high and low limits. Along with the displayed reading, annunciators and messages are used to indicate the result of the limits testing.
Page 425: Signal Processing Using Ratio Or Ch Avg
Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Signal processing using Ratio or Ch Avg With a switching module installed, the ratio or average of two channels can be calculated. Figure D-3 shows where Ratio or Ch Avg is calculated in the signal processing sequence.
Page 426: Data Flow (Remote Operation
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow Data flow (remote operation) Remote operation can be used with triggering configured to perform a specified number of measurements and then stop. The various read commands (SENS:DATA?, FETCh?, READ?, MEAS?, CALC2:DATA?, TRACe:DATA?, and CALC1:DATA?) return the data array(s) acquired during the measurement cycle.
Page 427: Sense And Sample Buffer
Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual NOTE For the following discussion, a “data array” is defined as the group of data elements that are included with each measured reading. Each data array includes the reading as well as the channel, reading number, units, timestamp, and limits result (see “FORMat:ELEMents <item list>,”...
Page 428: [Sens[1]]:Data[:Latest]
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow [SENS[1]]:DATA[LATest]? [SENS[1]]:DATA:FRESh? These commands are used to return (read) the last processed data array stored in the sample buffer. [SENS[1]]:DATA[:LATest]? This command returns (reads) one data array. It returns the last processed data array stored in the sample buffer.
Page 429: Fetch
D-10 Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual FETCh? READ? MEASure? CALC[1]:DATA[LATest]? CALC[1]:DATA:FRESh? As shown in Figure D-4, these commands are used to read data arrays output from the CALC1 Math block. However, if there is no math function enabled, these commands read the data arrays in the sample buffer.
Page 430: Calc3:Lim1:Fail
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow D-11 MEASure? The MEASure? command places the instrument in a “one-shot” measurement mode (which places one data array in the sample buffer) and then performs a READ?. With no math function enabled, the one data array in the sample buffer is read.
Page 431: Calc2:Imm
D-12 Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual CALC2:IMM? CALC2:IMM CALC2:DATA? Statistical information (minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, and peak-to-peak) is available for the readings stored in the buffer (data store). When the desired calculation...
Page 432: Scanning
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow D-13 Scanning For remote operation, scanning is normally performed with continuous initiation disabled (INIT:CONT OFF). The sample count (SAMP:COUNt) specifies the number of channels to scan and store in the buffers (sample buffer and data store), and the trigger count (TRIG:COUNt) specifies the number of scans to perform.
Page 433 D-14 Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 434: Measurement Considerations
Measurement Considerations...
Page 435: Thermoelectric Potentials
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Measurement considerations Low-level voltage measurements made using the Model 2700 can be adversely affected by various types of noise or other unwanted signals that can make it very difficult to obtain accurate voltage readings. Some of the phenomena that can cause unwanted noise include thermoelectric effects (thermocouple action), source resistance noise, magnetic fields, and radio frequency interference.
Page 436: Thermoelectric Generation
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Measurement Considerations Thermoelectric generation Figure E-1 shows a representation of how thermal EMFs are generated. The test leads are made of the A material, while the source under test is the B material. The temperatures...
Page 437: Minimizing Thermal Emfs
Even if all reasonable precautions are taken, some residual thermal offsets may still be present. These offsets can be minimized by using the Model 2700 Relative feature to null them out. To do so, place the instrument on the 3mV range and short the end of the connecting cable nearest the measured source (first disconnect the cable from the source to avoid shorting out the source).
Page 438: Source Resistance Noise
Source resistance noise Noise present in the source resistance is often the limiting factor in the ultimate resolution and accuracy of Model 2700 measurements. The following paragraphs discuss the generation of Johnson noise as well as ways to minimize such noise.
Page 439: Magnetic Fields
Fields can be produced by various sources such as the AC power line voltage. Large inductors such as power transformers can generate substantial magnetic fields, so care must be taken to keep the Model 2700 voltage source and connecting cables a good distance away from these potential noise sources.
Page 440 Here, only one instrument is connected to power line ground. Ground loops are not normally a problem with instruments like the Model 2700 that have isolated LO terminals. However, all instruments in the test setup may not be designed in this manner.
Page 441: Shielding
Measurement Considerations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Shielding WARNING Do not float input LO more than 30V rms, 42.4V peak above earth ground with an exposed shield connected to input LO. To avoid a possible shock hazard, surround the LO shield with a second safety shield that is insulated from the inner shield.
Page 442: Meter Loading
Percent error ------------------ - From the above equation, it is obvious that the input resistance of the Model 2700 must be at least 999 times the value of source resistance if loading error is to be kept to within 0.1%.
Page 443 E-10 Measurement Considerations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 444: Temperature Equations
Temperature Equations Thermocouple equation — Documents the ITS-90 inverse function polynomial • and the coefficients to calculate thermocouple temperature. • Thermistor equation — Documents the Steinhart-Hart equation which is used to calculate thermistor temperature. • RTD equation — Documents the Callendar-Van Dusen equation which is used to calculate the temperature vs.
Page 445: Thermocouple Equation
Temperature Equations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Thermocouple equation The Model 2700 uses the ITS-90 inverse function coefficients for the polynomial to calculate thermocouple temperature. The Model 2700 measures the thermocouple voltage, and then calculates temperature (in °C) as follows: E + c ...
Page 446 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Temperature Equations Table F-2 Type E inverse function polynomial -200°C to 0°C 0°C to 1,000°C (-8,825µV to 0µV) (0µV to 76,373µV) 1.697 728 8 × 10 1.705 703 5 × 10 -4.351 497 0 × 10 -2.330 175 9 ×...
Page 447 Temperature Equations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table F-4 Type K inverse function polynomial -200°C to 0°C 0°C to 500°C 500°C to 1,372°C (-5,891µV to 0µV) (0µV to 20,644µV) (20,644µV to 54,886µV) -1.318 058 × 10 2.517 346 2 × 10 2.508 355 2 ×...
Page 448 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Temperature Equations Table F-6 Type R inverse function polynomial -50°C to 250°C 250°C to 1,200°C 1,064°C to 1,664.5°C 1,664.5°C to 1,768.1°C (-226µV to (1,923µV to (11,361µV to (19,739µV to 1,923µV) 13,228µV) 19,739µV) 21,103µV) 1.334 584 505 × 10 -8.199 599 416 ×...
Page 449: Thermistor Equation
Kelvin. lnR is the natural log of the measured resistance of the thermistor. A, B, and C are the curve fitting constants. The constants for the three thermistor types used by the Model 2700 are listed in Table F-9.
Page 450 Selecting a thermistor — The thermistor manufacturers specified curve fitting values (A, B, and C) may not be exactly the same as the ones used by the Model 2700. If they are not exactly the same, perform the following steps to select a thermistor to use with the...
Page 451: Rtd Equations
Temperature Equations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual RTD equations The temperature vs. resistance readings listed in the RTD reference tables are calculated using the Callendar-Van Dusen equation. There are two equations based on different temperature ranges. There is an equation for the -200° to 0°C range and one for the 0° to 630°C range.
Page 452 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Temperature Equations RTD parameters for equations The RTD parameters for the Callendar-Van Dusen equations are listed in Table F-10. Table F-10 RTD parameters Ω at 0°C Type Standard Alpha Beta Delta PT100 ITS-90 0.003850 0.10863...
Page 453 F-10 Temperature Equations Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Example 2 Calculate the resistance of a D100 RTD at -100°C (T). The following R (Ω at 0°C), alpha, beta, and delta values are used for the D100 RTD (Table F-10): T = -100°C...
Page 454: Ieee-488 Bus Overview
IEEE-488 Bus Overview...
Page 455: Introduction
IEEE-488 Bus Overview Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Introduction The IEEE-488 bus is a communication system between two or more electronic devices. A device can be either an instrument or a computer. When a computer is used on the bus, it serves as a supervisor of the communication exchange between all the devices and is known as the controller.
Page 456 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual IEEE-488 Bus Overview Figure G-1 IEEE-488 bus configuration To Other Devices Device 1 able to talk, listen, and control (computer) Data Bus Device 2 able to talk and listen 2700 Data Byte Transfer Control...
Page 457: Bus Lines
The IEEE-488 standards also include another addressing mode called secondary addressing. Secondary addresses lie in the range of $60-$7F. Note, however, that many devices, including the Model 2700, do not use secondary addressing. Once a device is addressed to talk or listen, the appropriate bus transactions take place. For example, if the instrument is addressed to talk, it places its data string on the bus one byte at a time.
Page 458: Bus Management Lines
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual IEEE-488 Bus Overview Bus management lines The five bus management lines help to ensure proper interface control and management. These lines are used to send the uniline commands. ATN (Attention) — The ATN state determines how information on the data bus is to be interpreted.
Page 459: Bus Commands
IEEE-488 Bus Overview Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Once all NDAC and NRFD are properly set, the source sets DAV low, indicating to accepting devices that the byte on the data lines is now valid. NRFD will then go low, and NDAC will go high once all devices have accepted the data.
Page 460 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual IEEE-488 Bus Overview Table G-1 IEEE-488 bus command summary State of Command type Command ATN line Comments Uniline REN (Remote Enable) Set up devices for remote operation. Marks end of transmission. IFC (Interface Clear) Clears interface.
Page 461: Uniline Commands
IEEE-488 Bus Overview Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Uniline commands ATN, IFC, and REN are asserted only by the controller. SRQ is asserted by an external device. EOI may be asserted either by the controller or other devices depending on the direction of data transfer.
Page 462: Addressed Multiline Commands
ORing the address with $40. Talk commands are used to address devices to talk. SCG (Secondary Command Group) — Commands in this group provide additional addressing capabilities. Many devices (including the Model 2700) do not use these commands. Unaddress commands The two unaddress commands are used by the controller to remove any talkers or listeners from the bus.
Page 463: Common Commands
G-10 IEEE-488 Bus Overview Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Common commands Common commands are commands that are common to all devices on the bus. These commands are designated and defined by the IEEE-488.2 standard. Generally, these commands are sent as one or more ASCII characters that tell the device to perform a common operation, such as reset.
Page 464: Command Codes
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual IEEE-488 Bus Overview G-11 Figure G-3 Command codes...
Page 465: Typical Command Sequences
G-12 IEEE-488 Bus Overview Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Typical command sequences For the various multiline commands, a specific bus sequence must take place to properly send the command. In particular, the correct listen address must be sent to the instrument before it will respond to addressed commands.
Page 466: Ieee Command Groups
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual IEEE-488 Bus Overview G-13 IEEE command groups Command groups supported by the Model 2700 are listed in Table G-5. Common commands and SCPI commands are not included in this list. Table G-5 IEEE command groups...
Page 467: Interface Function Codes
Open collector bus drivers. No Extended Talker capability. No Extended Listener capability. The codes define Model 2700 capabilities as follows: SH (Source Handshake Function) — SH1 defines the ability of the instrument to initiate the transfer of message/data over the data bus.
Page 468 DC (Device Clear Function) — DC1 defines the ability of the instrument to be cleared (initialized). DT (Device Trigger Function) — DTI defines the ability of the Model 2700 to have readings triggered. C (Controller Function) — The instrument does not have controller capabilities (C0).
Page 469 G-16 IEEE-488 Bus Overview Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 470: Ke2700 Instrument Driver
KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples...
Page 471: Introduction
Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Introduction An IVI style Instrument Driver is provided with the Models 2700, 2701, and 2750. The driver supports programming in LabView, LabWindows CVI, Visual Basic, and C, Test examples provided by the KE2700 Instrument Driver are listed in...
Page 472 Use Case 3 — Two scans using 7708 module: • 40 channel DCV (1V range) scan. • 20 channel Ω4 scan: • Models 2700 and 2701 – 100Ω range. • Model 2750 – 10Ω range, dry-circuit ohms enabled. • Measurement speed (rate) – 0.1 plc.
Page 473 User Setup 1. • 20 channel Ω4 scan. Configuration saved in User Setup 2. • Models 2700 and 2701 – 100Ω range. • Model 2750 – 10Ω range, dry-circuit ohms enabled. • Setup 1 or Setup 2 recalled to perform scan.
Page 474 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Table H-1 (continued) Visual Basic and CVI (C) examples Name Manual Reference Brief Description Advance6 None Use Case 6 — Scan 160 channels using 7703 module (see NOTE): • Type K thermocouple (TC) temperature measurements.
Page 475 KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table H-1 (continued) Visual Basic and CVI (C) examples Name Manual Reference Brief Description Advance8 None Use Case 8 — 7706 module in slot 1 and 7702 module in slot 2: •...
Page 476 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Table H-1 (continued) Visual Basic and CVI (C) examples Name Manual Reference Brief Description MultiRange Page 4-5 (Ex. 1 & 2) Demonstrates various range and function settings. Ohmm Page 3-55 (Ex.
Page 477 Use Case 3 — Two scans using 7708 module: • 40 channel DCV (1V range) scan. • 20 channel Ω4 scan: • Models 2700 and 2701 – 100Ω range. • Model 2750 – 10Ω range, dry-circuit ohms enabled. • Measurement speed (rate) – 0.1 plc.
Page 478 User Setup 1. • 20 channel Ω4 scan. Configuration saved in User Setup 2. • Models 2700 and 2701 – 100Ω range. • Model 2750 – 10Ω range, dry-circuit ohms enabled. • Setup 1 or Setup 2 recalled to perform scan.
Page 479 H-10 KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table H-1 (continued) Visual Basic and CVI (C) examples Name Manual Reference Brief Description Simple6 None Use Case 6 — Scan 160 channels using 7703 module (see NOTE): • Type K thermocouple (TC) temperature measurements.
Page 480 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples H-11 Table H-1 (continued) Visual Basic and CVI (C) examples Name Manual Reference Brief Description Simple8 None Use Case 8 — 7706 module in slot 1 and 7702 module in slot 2: •...
Page 481: Labview Examples
H-12 KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual LabVIEW examples Table H-2 lists the LabVIEW examples and “Use Cases” that are provided with the KE2700 Instrument Driver. LabVIEW examples are provided in the file: Examples.llb. Use cases are provided in the file: Use Cases.llb. By default, these are installed in the Program Files\National Instruments\LabView X\instr.lib\KE2700 directory.
Page 482 Use Case 3 — Two scans using 7708 module: • 40 channel DCV (1V range) scan. • 20 channel Ω4 scan: • Models 2700 and 2701 – 100Ω range. • Model 2750 – 10Ω range, dry-circuit ohms enabled. • Measurement speed (rate) – 0.1 plc.
Page 483 Setup 1. • 20 channel Ω4 scan. Configuration saved in User Setup 2. • Models 2700 and 2701 – 100Ω range. • Model 2750 – 10Ω range, dry-circuit ohms enabled. • Setup 1 or Setup 2 recalled to perform scan.
Page 484 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples H-15 Table H-2 (continued) LabVIEW examples Manual Name Reference Brief Description Advance6 None Use Case 6 — Scan 160 channels using 7703 module (see NOTE): • Type K thermocouple (TC) temperature measurements.
Page 485 H-16 KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table H-2 (continued) LabVIEW examples Manual Name Reference Brief Description Advance8 None Use Case 8 — 7706 module in slot 1 and 7702 module in slot 2: • 7706 module: •...
Page 486 Use Case 3 — Two scans using 7708 module: • 40 channel DCV (1V range) scan. • 20 channel Ω4 scan: • Models 2700 and 2701 – 100Ω range. • Model 2750 – 10Ω range, dry-circuit ohms enabled. • Measurement speed (rate) – 0.1 plc.
Page 487 H-18 KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual Table H-2 (continued) LabVIEW examples Manual Name Reference Brief Description Simple5 None Use Case 5 — 32-channel scan using 7701 module. • Common-side 4-wire ohms measurements (CSIDe mode). • Dry-circuit ohms option for Model 2750.
Page 488 Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples H-19 Table H-2 (continued) LabVIEW examples Manual Name Reference Brief Description Simple7 None Use Case 7 — Ten 40-channel scans using 7702 module: • Channel 1 uses an external reference junction.
Page 489 H-20 KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System User’s Manual...
Page 490 Index Overview Baud rate 10-18 Beeper control Buffer 6-1, 7-27 Symbols Auto clear SCPI signal oriented measurement Clear 6-12 MEASure:<function>? [<rang>], Commands [<res>], 13-8 CALCulate2:DATA? 6-15 ¾ symbol 5-14 CALCulate2:FORMat 6-15 CALCulate2:IMMediate 6-15 Numerics CALCulate2:IMMediate? 6-15 CALCulate2:STATe 6-15 2-wire functions FORMat:ELEMents 6-14 4-wire functions...
Page 491 Delay 5-19 Unaddress Enabling/disabling 5-19 Uniline Programming examples 5-20 Universal multiline Remote programming 5-19 Common commands 12-1, G-10 Scanning 5-18 *CLS 11-4 Channel list parameter (<clist>) *ESE 11-19 Channels *ESE? 11-19 Assignments 2-5, 7-3 *ESR? 11-18 Auto channel configuration 7-20 *IDN? 12-3 Average see Channel average...
Page 492 Current measurements (DCI and ACI) 3-17 Scanning AMPS fuse replacement (front panel Setting AMPS input) 3-19 Display 1-18 Amps measurement procedure 3-18 Annunciators 1-12 Connections 3-17 Commands 1-18 Front panel inputs 3-17 DISPlay:ENABle 1-19 Model 7700 switching module 3-18 DISPlay:TEXT:DATA 1-19 CVI (C) examples DISPlay:TEXT:STATe...
Page 493 With BNC connections 8-13 REN (remote enable) 10-8 SDC (selective device clear) 10-9 SPE, SPD (serial polling) 10-9 General information Features Getting started Model 2700 GPIB Filter 4-13 Configuration *RST disables filter 4-18 Connections 10-5 *RST disables filter state to off 4-21...
Page 494 Programming examples 5-15 Reciprocal (1/X) 5-11 Johnson noise equation Remote programming 5-13 Scanning 5-12 Setting mX+b units 5-14 KE2700 Instrument Driver Math commands Keyclick 1-18 Reading math result 5-14 Remote programming 1-18 Measurement event status 11-16 Key-press codes 14-9 Measurement queries 3-56 Keys :FETCh?
Page 495 Voltage connections (DC or AC) B-10 Programming syntax 10-11 Wire dressing Pseudocards 1-9, 2-5, 10-2 Wiring procedure Monitor channel 7-18 Monitor scan example 7-37 Questionable event status 11-17 Multiple channels Queues 11-2, 11-22 Control commands 2-20 Clearing 11-4 Controlling 2-17 Error queue 11-22 Operation...
Page 496 Rear panel Range Summary 1-14 Rate and bandwidth 4-10 Reciprocal (1/X) (math function) 5-11 Ratio and channel average 5-19 Configuration 5-11 Reference junctions 3-34 Scanning 7-26 External 3-35 System channel control commands 2-12 Internal 3-34 Trigger and return readings 1-35 Simulated 3-34 Triggering...
Page 497 Auto scan 7-21 Commands 1-25 Basic scan 7-22 Remote programming 1-25 Buffer 7-22 Restoring 1-21 Configuration 7-10 Saving 1-21, 7-21 5-21 Shielding 3-15, 3-22, E-8 Digital outputs 9-12 Signal handshaking 10-19 Digits Signal processing sequence Examples 7-33 Slot numbering External trigger scan example 7-33 Software Filter...
Page 498 4-wire RTDs 3-36 External see External triggering Configuration 3-40 Programming example 8-20 Connections 3-36 Remote programming 8-14 Procedure 3-43 Thermistors 3-35 Thermocouples 3-33 User setups see Setups Terminator 10-19 Tests Continuity see Continuity testing Thermal EMFs 3-15 Visual Basic examples Minimizing Voltage measurements (DCV and ACV) Thermistors...
Page 500 M E A S U R E C O N F I D E N C E Keithley Instruments, Inc. Corporate Headquarters • 28775 Aurora Road • Cleveland, Ohio 44139 • 440-248-0400 • Fax: 440-248-6168 • 1-888-KEITHLEY • www.keithley.com 12/06...

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